1. 2. How are three-dimensional artworks different from two-dimensional artworks? Three-dimensional works have a height, width, and ACTUAL depth. 1. Define two-dimensional artworks. Has a height and width and implied depth.

2. LIST any media that can be used to make 3D art. Wood Clay Plaster Paper Mache THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA Wire Metal Fibers Glass Ice some

3. Two types of sculptures: sculpture in the round relief sculpture SCULPTURE is the largest category of 3D work SCULPTURE refers to any way of creating 3D form from any available materials.

4. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA Free standing sculpture that can be viewed from all sides. SCULPTURE IN THE ROUND What is a

5. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA Forms are projected from a background. It’s classified as low relief or high relief according to the degree in which it its raised from the surface. RELIEF SCULPTURE What is a Lorenzo Ghiberti's cast gilt-bronze "Gates of Paradise" at the Baptistery, Florence. Are relief sculptures meant to be viewed from all sides?

6. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA LOW RELIEF Only SLIGHTLY raised from the surface.

7. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA HIGH RELIEF Half or more of the modeled surface projects out from the background. Figures often are undercut to such a degree that you can grab hold of them with your hand.

8. Lorenzo Ghiberti, Jacob and Esau Panel, from Gates of Parardise, 1425–52. Gilt bronze. Collection of the Museo dell’Opera del Duomo. Image courtesy Opificio delle Pietre Dure, Florence. LOW RELIEF HIGH RELIEF

9. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA MODELING CARVE CAST CONSTRUCT techniqu es Define these terms with your group

10. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA MODELING A method that produces a sculpture from a pliable material like clay, papier- mâché, wax, or plaster. techniqu es

11. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA MODELING techniqu es

12. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA techniqu es MODELING

13. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA ARMATURE a skeletal framework built as a support on which a clay, wax, or plaster figure is constructed. techniqu es

14. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA CLAY MODELING TOOLS techniqu es You model materials by using your hands, and tools including metal and wood spatulas, wire loops on wooden handles, paddles, scrapers and knives. Even table knives, forks, and spoons can be useful modeling tools.

15. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA MODELING: CERAMICS When clay is shaped, dried, and kiln-fired to rock hard. techniqu es

16. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA CARVING techniqu es Plaster, wood, stone is cut away using special tools to form an object.

17. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA CARVING- Prehistoric Tools techniqu es

18. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA CARVING- Modern Tools techniqu es

19. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA CARVING techniqu es The discovery of BRONZE enabled ancient cultures to carve soft stone and wear down hard stone. Prince Rahotep and His Wife Nofret, c.2580 BCE. Painted limestone. 471/4 inches tall.

20. CARVING Bernini carved his marble statue of David as a man whose stance and expression show attitude and purpose What does the twisting of his body invite the viewer to do? Bernini, David, post-restoration, 1623 – 24. Marble. What moment in the story of David is shown here? What does the figure’s expression and pose suggest?

21. CARVING WOOD carving dates back to ancient times like stone sculpture. Elizabeth Catlett, Mother and Child #2, 1971. Walnut. PROS CONS What has Elizabeth Catlett done to help move your eye around the sculpture? Softer than stone Fine details Wood grain Grains and notches Contracts and expands Subject to mold and worms

22. CARVING George Borglum and Sons, The Presidents, 1927 – 41. carved granite, Mount Rushmore National Park, South Dakota. As time progressed, the use of pneumatic tools, instrument activated by air pressure, were used to begin creating carved sculptures.

23. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA HOW does an artist prepare to create a carved sculpture? techniqu es Drawings or clay models to show what the sculpture will look like from ALL SIDES.

24. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA To make a CAST a mold is created and used to create sculptures. techniqu es Lost-Wax Bronze Casting Plastic and Plaster Casting

25. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA techniqu es Lost-Wax Bronze Casting Pouring molten bronze into a mold to create a sculpture. The term “lost wax” refers to the fact that the original model made of wax is lost during the process. Auguste Rodin, The Thinker, model 1880, cast 1901, bronze, 28 ½ x 14 5/16 x 23 7/16

26. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA techniqu es Lost-Wax Bronze Casting As you watch the video demonstration write down the steps used to complete a lost-wax bronze cast.

27. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA techniqu es 1.Begin with a clay model. 2.Use clay model to create a mother mold. 3.Pour wax into mother mold. 4.Remove mother mold- you’re left with the wax model. 5.Refine wax 6.Create a ceramic shell. 7.Heat shell / heat metal 8.Pour metal into mold and let it cool. 9.Knock off ceramic shell. 10.Refine metal sculpture. LOST WAX CASTING

28. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA techniqu es Plaster Casting Covering a model with layers of gauze or cheese cloth coated in plaster.

29. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA techniqu es Plaster Casting George Segal, Walk, Don't Walk1976, plaster, cement, metal, painted wood, electrical light.

30. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA techniqu es Plaster Casting George Segal, Bus Stop,1975, plaster cast.

31. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA techniqu es Plaster Casting George Segal, Three People on a Bench, plaster cast.

32. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA techniqu es Plaster Casting George Segal, Street Crossing October 2003 to February 2004 Doris C. Freedman Plaza, Fifth Avenue & 60th Street Central Park, Manhattan

33. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA techniqu es Plaster Casting George Segal, Fireside Chat, bronze

35. George Segal

36. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA techniqu es Plastic Casting Duane Hanson’s Process Begins as a cast of a person. Hanson is concerned with the INSIDE of the plaster shell he used for a MOLD. He paints a thin layer of flesh colored polyvinyl. Layers of fiberglass are added for support.

37. DUANE HANSONDUANE HANSON"Football Player" 1981 Polyvinyl, polychromed with oil, mixed media with accessories.

38. DUANE HANSON“Queenie II" 1988, Polyvinyl, polychromed with oil, mixed media with accessories. DUANE HANSON DUANE HANSON “Tourist II" 1988, Polyvinyl, polychromed with oil, mixed media with accessories.

39. COMPARE / CONTRAST the work of GEORGE SEGAL DUANE HANSON PLASTER sculptures Use the OUTSIDE of the cast. His white sculptures do not use a mold. White or monochrome figures that lack detail and have blank expressions. Direct Casting Fiberglass sculptures Used the INSIDE of the cast for a mold. Trompe L’oeil- deceives the eye because of it’s realistic qualities. Casts ONE figure from life. Uses MOTHER MOLDS and has the ability to create a new person from them. Ordinary poses

40. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA techniqu es Construction Sculptures built using traditional methods. Julio González. "Monsieur " Cactus (Cactus Man I). Iron original completed August 24, 1939 Welding Nailing Wood Crochet/Weaving

41. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA techniqu es Maciek Jozefowicz, Construction 2 : Reclining Nude, Standing,2012.

42. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA techniqu es Street Art Crochet

43. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA techniqu es ASSEMBLAGE CONSTRUCTED of a variety of readymade materials and objects not intended for art. They are the 3D version of a 2D collage. Robert Rauschenberg, Monogram, 1955-59

44. ASSEMBLAGE Louise Nevelson, Royal Tide IV, 1960. Wood and gold spray paint, 10 ‘7”x 14” 6” x 1’10”.

45. ASSEMBLAGE LOUISE NEVELSON, DAWN’S WEDDING CHAPEL II, 1959. “When you put together things that other people have thrown out, you’re really bringing them to life – a spiritual life that surpasses the life for which they were originally created.”

46. Joseph Carnevale, Barrel Monster, 2009.

47. Joseph Carnevale

51. Sean Avery

53. RECAP: What are sculptures like this called? ASSEMBLAGES What does that mean? Assemblages are sculptures made from READY MADE materials. They’re the 3D version of a 2D collage. What technique is used? MODELING CASTING CARVING CONSTRUCTING Sean Avery