1. Name: Syuhaidah binti Shamsi Matric No.: 1415820 LINGUISTICS – MORPHOLOGY

2. JAPANESE MORPHOLOGY

3.  The Japanese language is agglutinative.  Words are formed by putting together morphemes.  The original forms and meanings are retained with little change during the combination process. JAPANESE MORPHOLOGY

4. CompoundingDerivationInflection BorrowingOnomatopoeia MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES

5. Combining two or more words or word elements having their own lexical meaning to produce a new unit that functions as a single word. 花見  flower looking/viewing (eg: cherry blossom viewing)  花 (hana)  flower  見 (mi)  see COMPOUNDING

7.  noun + noun  川魚 (kawa + zakana) = river fish  adjective + noun  黒船 (kuro + fune) = black ship, as in Admiral Perry's Black Ships.  adjective + adjective  薄暗い (usu + gurai) = “lightly dark,” i.e. dim  noun + adjective  心強い (kokoro + zuyoi) = “heart strong,” i.e. encouraging, reassuring, secure)

8.  noun + verb  昼寝 ( hiru + ne) = "noon sleep," i.e. siesta  verb + noun  出口 ( de + guchi) = "going-out mouth," i.e. exit  verb + verb  行き帰り ( iki + kaeri) = "go + return home," i.e. to and from home

9. Creating a new word by adding to a stem a word element such as a suffix that expresses grammatical meaning but has no lexical meaning. The process is similar to English morphology where the suffix –ly is added to an adjective to form an adverb. 黒い (kuroi)  Black/dark  黒 (kuro)  Black  い (-i )  an adjective-forming suffix DERIVATION

10. Adding word endings or modifying the form of a word in order to indicate various grammatical functions. The resulting word is another form of the original word, it is not a new word. Indicate the tense (called conjugation = variation of form of the verb,) or, the number and case (called declension = variation of the form of the noun.)  帰る (kaeru)  return  帰れ (kaere)  come back! (imperative form) INFLECTION

11.  Also known as Gairaigo ( 外来語 ).  “Loan word” or “borrowed word”; indicates a transliteration (or "transvocalization") into Japanese. BORROWING KatakanaRomajiDefinition ファイト faitofight ドライブイン doraibuindrive in ドラマ doramadrama コンビニ konbiniconveni(ence store)

12. A word that represents a sound. In Japanese it is broken up into three different types: 1.Giseigo ( 擬声語 ) Sounds made by people and animals. 2.Giongo ( 擬音語 ) Noises that don’t fall under giseigo; most inconsistent. 3.Gitaigo ( 擬態語 ) Words that describe actions and emotions that don’t necessarily make noises. ONOMATOPOEIA

13. 1. GISEIGO ( 擬声語 ) Giseigo is the easiest form of Japanese onomatopoeia to understand. Simply put, it is the sound made by living things.

14. The type of word you’re least likely to find in a dictionary. Think of giongo like the action words that comic books artists make up. 2. GIONGO ( 擬音語 ) ActionNoise Sparkle ぴかぴか Pikapika Heart beating どきどき Dokidoki Knock on the door どんどん Dondon Gulp コグコグ Kogukogu Sizzle ピリピリ Piripiri Pouring Rain ザーザー Zāzā Wind ぴゅう Pyū

15. 3. GITAIGO ( 擬態語 )  Gitaigo doesn’t try to imitate the sound of what it’s describing.  Gitaigo are mimetic words, so they try to mimic actions or qualities without necessarily imitating a sound.

16. ありがとう！ ARIGATŌ ! THANK YOU !