2. Research Word has a broad spectrum of meanings –“Research this topic on ….” –“Years of research has produced a new ….”

3. What Research is Not Not mere information gathering –Computer Crime –XML for Web Pages Not the mere transportation of facts from one location to the next –Computer Crime and Digital Signatures –XML versus HTML Not merely rummaging for information

4. What Research Is Originates with a question or a problem. –makes a difference, worthy, relevant –leads to new knowledge –builds on relevant existing knowledge A clear articulation of a goal –What problem to you intend to solve? –And how do you propose to solve it?

5. What Research Is Follows a specific plan or procedure –how you will reach your goal Usually divided into manageable sub- problems guided by a hypothesis accepts certain critical assumptions grounded in objective reality the collection and interpretation of data

6. Scientific Research Science is an objective, logical, and systematic method of analyzing phenomena, devised to permit the accumulation of reliable knowledge.. Premises of science are –empiricism –objectivity –control The product of science is knowledge

7. Scientific Research The search for knowledge, with an open mind, to establish novel facts, usually using a scientific method. –basic research (as opposed to applied research) is discovering, interpreting, and the developing methods and systems for the advancement of knowledge in a given area. –Scientific Method: systematically observe, formulate hypotheses, define concepts, gather/analyze data, test/revise hypotheses, repeat, formulate theories, examines their logical consistency and subjects them to further empirical test.

8. What is Good Research? Purpose clearly defined - scope, limitations are fully specified Process detailed - can be repeated and except when secrecy is imposed reveal the sources of data and means by which they were obtained Design thoroughly planned - make as objective as possible

9. What is Good Research? High ethical standards applied Limitations frankly revealed - there are very few perfect designs adequate analysis - data classified to clearly reveal findings, probability of error should be estimated findings presented unambiguously conclusions justified

11. Research Life Cycle Definition –Exploratory research defines a new problem, new constraints, new opportunity, or a new approach. –This initial research must be guided by hypotheses that will later be further instantiated and specified. Initial Solutions –Initial algorithms, designs, theorems, programs are developed. Evaluation of Initial Solutions –Initial solutions are evaluated and refined in isolation. Comparison of Solutions –Solutions are compared to one another and also to ideal solutions. Technology Transfer –Best approaches are transferred to users.

12. Possible Research Results a definition of a problem or task a unit for solving a problem, performing a task identification of factors influencing the cost, effectiveness, or applicability of a unit (and relative importance of the factors) development of an ideal model a finished unit that can be distributed to users measurement of some properties of a unit: run time, chip area, representation requirements, reliability, usability, etc. identification of problems and shortcomings in a unit. a demonstration that one unit is better than another. a definition, demonstration or analysis of a tradeoff a generative (explanatory) theory for some set of units

13. Possible Research Methods writing programs developing systems developing architectures developing content architectures (ontologies, knowledge bases, class libraries, graphics toolboxes, etc.) measuring properties of units finding and proving theorems analyzing and consolidating previous research results interviewing experts, customers performing experiments, surveys, observations Importing/adapting techniques and results from other fields measuring and predicting constraints writing papers, monographs, and textbooks

14. Research Project Phases An individual research project (such as a Ph.D. dissertation) follows a lifecycle related to the research life cycle: –Choose research question/problem; formulate hypotheses –Determine current state of knowledge –Apply appropriate methods to produce research results To verify the hypotheses To evaluate the proposed solutions –Write up research results Research is not complete until it is written up!

15. A Research Project Checklist (I) Are ideas clear and consistent? Is the problem worthy of investigation? Does the project have appropriate scope? What is the hypothesis What are the specific research questions? What would disprove the hypothesis? What are the assumptions and are they “sensible”?

16. A Research Project Checklist (II) Has the work/plan been critically assessed? Are you convinced that it is sound science? What forms of evidence are to be used? How are outcomes to be evaluated? Why are the selected methods appropriate or reasonable for verifying the hypothesis or evaluating the proposed solutions? What are the likely weaknesses of your solutions?

17. A Research Project Checklist (III) Is there a written research plan? Have milestones, timelines, and deadlines been identified? Do the deadlines leave enough time to receive feedback on the drafts and to allow colleagues to contribute? Has the literature been adequately explored? Once the work is done – and your perspective has changed – does in need to be explored again?