1. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Addendum: Thomas Ross BTHS By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Addendum: Thomas Ross BTHS

2. How did the unification of Germany and Italy impact the stability of Europe?

3. Nationalism People joined together by a common heritage, language culturePeople joined together by a common heritage, language culture –Ethnic borders and political borders should be the same –Problem is which is a “significant” ethnic group? –Nationalist pressure in Italy, Ireland, Germany, Austro- Hungarian Empire (Balkans), Ottomans, Russia

4. Zionism Reaction to Anti-SemitismReaction to Anti-Semitism Arthur de Gobineau Race Theories 1853Arthur de Gobineau Race Theories 1853 –Dilution of Aryan Greatness –Obscure until revived in 1899 by Houston Chamberlain –Racial selective breeding can improve the European Race –Jews are main source of racial degeneration Contributes to rise of Anti-semitismContributes to rise of Anti-semitism Popular belief that Jews control banks and finances as industrial capitalism emergedPopular belief that Jews control banks and finances as industrial capitalism emerged

5. Principles of Zionism Founded by Theodore HerzlFounded by Theodore Herzl –Jews need a separate state to protect liberties and rights –Socialism= Create a classless society Appeals to poor JewsAppeals to poor Jews –Elements of Liberalism Classic liberal concept of rights and privelegesClassic liberal concept of rights and priveleges

6. The Crimean War [1854-1856]

7. Count Cavour [The “Head”] Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”] Italian Nationalist Leaders

8. Pope Pius IX

9. Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”

10. Step #1

11. Step #2

12. Step #3

13. Italian Unification Italian Unification

14. A Unified Peninsula!  A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

15. The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

17. Zollverein

18. Prussia v. Austria

19. Kaiser Wilhelm I

20. Helmut von Moltke

21. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck “Blood & Iron” Realpolitik The “Iron Chancellor”

22. Otto von Bismarck....  THE Single most important event in Europe 1848-1914 German Unification  The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.  Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.  The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

23. Otto von Bismarck....  I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.  A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.  Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

24. Unification of Germany

25. Step #1: The Danish War [1864] Step #1: The Danish War [1864] The Peace of Vienna

26. Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

27. Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867  Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.  He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control  Peace of Prague

28. Ems Dispatch [1870]: A Catalyst for War  1868 revolt in Spain.  Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz. [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king.  France protested & his name was withdrawn.  The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.  Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

29. Step #4: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871] German soldiers “abusing” the French.

30. Step #4: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871]

31. Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

32. Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]  The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Republic.  The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.  Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. -------------------  France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.  France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

33. Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]

34. Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser

35. German Imperial Flag

36. Bismarck Manipulating the Reichstag

37. Bismarck’s Kulturkampf: Anti-Catholic Program  Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy  civil marriages only recognized.  The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.  The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

38. Bismarck’s Reapproachment With the Catholic Church Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

39. Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

40. “Dropping the Pilot” [1890]

41. Kaiser Wilhelm II

43. Differing Nationalities in the Austrian Empire

44. Austrian Imperial Flag

45. The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary The Hungarian Flag

46. Russian Expansion

47. Russian Imperial Flag

48. Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

49. The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19 c “The Sick Old Man of Europe”