1. German and Italian Unification
Big Picture:
Unification:What makes up a movement for unification?
Nationalism – Yes. But what does that mean?
One people (Culture) Yes.
One Language (possibly)
One type of Government (that is a problem!)

2. German and Italian Unification
These two areas, Germany and Italy, will become unified nations for similar and different reasons.
Let’s look briefly at them, side by side, and see the similarities between them.

3. German and Italian Unification
German States
Prussia: Greatest State
Dynamic Leader
Bismarck: Like a Prime Minister. Runs the show
William I: King of Prussia
Italian States
Piedmont Sardinia: Greatest State
Dynamic Leader:
Cavour: Like a Prime Minister-- Runs the show
Victor Emmanuel: Like a King of Sardinia
Mazzini/Garibaldi- Both want a Republic, Cavour does not.

4. German and Italian Unification
German States
Issues:
Prussia seeks a common German State
They will lead,others have to follow
Has to deal with liberals who do not want $ spent on the military
Austria, another German State, is nearly as strong as Prussia
Italian States
Issues:
Have never been unified since the fall of Rome (476 A.D)
Have separate Agendas
North = Industry
South = Agriculture
Have a strong foreign presence in their area
Austria
France

5. German and Italian Unification
German States
Who wants what?
Bismarck – wants to increase the size of Prussia
If it means a unified Germany, so be it
He is a Prussian before he is a German
William I – is willing to let Bismarck run the show
Italian States
Who wants what?
Cavour – feels that a strong, industrial Piedmont will lead the rest of the states. $ = Power = unification
Mazzini and Garibaldi want unification based on political ideology: A Republic
Victor Emmanuel - is willing to let Cavour run the show

6. German and Italian Unification
German States
Obstacles to Unification
Austria- they are a powerful “German State” with a different agenda than Prussia
France: they control land that used to belong to Prussia
Political Differences- Between Bismarck and the wealthy classes (over $ for war)
Italian States
Obstacles to Unification
Austria – They control/manage Piedmont
France – They control parts of the Center of Italy
Political Differences – Between Cavour, who has no problem having a King as long as Italy is unified, and Garibaldi, who wants Italy to be a Republic.

7. German and Italian Unification
German States
Steps to Unification
Bismarck raises $ for the Military
Allies with Russia to take back Schleswig and Holstein
Provokes Austria to was and crushes them in 7 Weeks
Provokes France and crushes them (revenge for Napoleon)
Establishes Germany in 1871
Italian States
Steps to Unification
Sardinia Provokes Austria into battle and beats them (with French help)
Garibaldi gathers his army “Red Shirts” in the south, they conquer and move north
Cavour links with Garibaldi,and France is Finally is driven from Italy because they were being beaten by Prussia

8. German and Italian Unification
German States
Results of Unification
A strong, Industrialized and Militarized German
Austria is “on its own”
Increased Tension between France and Germany
The seeds of the Germany we will see in WWI
Italian States
Results of Unification
Division between North and South Italy
Political Unity, but not cultural or social unity
The connection, of Unification, between Italy and Germany that will make them allies in WWI & WWII

9. Bismarck Quotations
"Politics is the art of the possible, the attainable the art of the next best."
"Laws are like sausages. It's better not to see them being made."
"Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied."
"I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made."
"A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one."
“The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and resolutions—that was the blunder of 1848 and 1849—but by blood and iron.”
"Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans." (Bismarck's prediction on what would trigger the next war)