1. Chapter 5 EXCEPTIONALITY James Bell Lisa Marvel November 15, 2010

2. Despite Federal mandates, equality still eludes millions of individuals with disabilities in this country. Gollnick & Chinn (2009)

3. Society’s Standard Race Race Gender Gender Religion Religion Marital Status Marital Status Sexual Orientation Sexual Orientation Cognitive Ability (intelligence) Cognitive Ability (intelligence) Special Needs or Not Special Needs or Not

4. LABELING The 6-hour retarded child” – Given to children while at school; the remaining 18 hours of the day they are not considered retarded by those with whom they interact. The 6-hour retarded child” – Given to children while at school; the remaining 18 hours of the day they are not considered retarded by those with whom they interact.

5. LABELING Mental retardation and Emotional disturbance – linked to lower socioeconomic status and individuals of color Mental retardation and Emotional disturbance – linked to lower socioeconomic status and individuals of color - Both are among the lowest socially acceptable disabilities and perhaps the most stigmatizing. The labeling process continues, sometimes into adulthood. The labeling process continues, sometimes into adulthood.

6. REFLECTION What are some of the objections to labeling children with disabilities?

7. LITIGATION Brown v. Board of Education did not involve children with disabilities, but as the precedent was set to guarantee equal educational opportunity for ethnic minority children, it too, set a precedent in the argument of guaranteeing the rights of student with disabilities. (p. 166) Brown v. Board of Education did not involve children with disabilities, but as the precedent was set to guarantee equal educational opportunity for ethnic minority children, it too, set a precedent in the argument of guaranteeing the rights of student with disabilities. (p. 166)

8. Litigation One of the arguments to deny admission to children with moderate and severe mental retardation was that they could not learn to read, write, and do arithmetic in the same manner that nondisabled students learned (p. 166) One of the arguments to deny admission to children with moderate and severe mental retardation was that they could not learn to read, write, and do arithmetic in the same manner that nondisabled students learned (p. 166) Parents and supporters of these children countered by arguing that learning self-help skills and other important life skills was indeed learning, and this was education (p. 167) Parents and supporters of these children countered by arguing that learning self-help skills and other important life skills was indeed learning, and this was education (p. 167) These children and others could learn…if support services were provided (p. 167) These children and others could learn…if support services were provided (p. 167)

9. PARC v. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (p. 167) Education cannot be defined as only the provision of academic experiences for children Education cannot be defined as only the provision of academic experiences for children All students with mental retardation were capable of benefiting from programs of education and training All students with mental retardation were capable of benefiting from programs of education and training Having undertaken a free public education for the children of Pennsylvania, the state could not deny children with mental retardation the same opportunities Having undertaken a free public education for the children of Pennsylvania, the state could not deny children with mental retardation the same opportunities The earlier the students with mental retardation were provided education, the greater the amount of learning could be predicted The earlier the students with mental retardation were provided education, the greater the amount of learning could be predicted

10. Mills v. Board of Education The court ordered the District of Columbia to provide due process procedural safeguards (p. 167) The court ordered the District of Columbia to provide due process procedural safeguards (p. 167) There must be clearly outlined due process procedures for labeling, placement, and exclusion (p. 167) There must be clearly outlined due process procedures for labeling, placement, and exclusion (p. 167) Procedural safeguards must include the right to appeal, right to access records, and written notice of all stages of the process (p. 167) Procedural safeguards must include the right to appeal, right to access records, and written notice of all stages of the process (p. 167)

11. Reflection Question What provision(s) do you provide for Students With Disabilities in your school or workplace?

12. LEGISLATION Section 504 and Public Law 93-112 Section 504 and Public Law 93-112 Public Law 94-142 Public Law 94-142 American with Disabilities Act American with Disabilities Act Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA)

13. EXCEPTIONAL INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY “Society has begun to accept its basic responsibilities for people with disabilities but social equality has yet to become a reality” (p. 174). “Society has begun to accept its basic responsibilities for people with disabilities but social equality has yet to become a reality” (p. 174). Contemporary American society places great emphasis on physical beauty and attractiveness (p. 175). Contemporary American society places great emphasis on physical beauty and attractiveness (p. 175).

14. EXCEPTIONAL INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY Attitudes of society parallel that of racism (p. 175). Attitudes of society parallel that of racism (p. 175). Disabilities often dominate society’s perception of a person’s social value and creates a mind-set of deviance (p. 176). Disabilities often dominate society’s perception of a person’s social value and creates a mind-set of deviance (p. 176). “Handicapism leads to stereotyping of, and discrimination against, individuals with disabilities because of attitudes of superiority held by some nondisabled individuals” (p. 176). “Handicapism leads to stereotyping of, and discrimination against, individuals with disabilities because of attitudes of superiority held by some nondisabled individuals” (p. 176).

15. DISPROPORTIONATE PLACEMENT IN SPECIAL EDUCATION The overrepresentation of students of color in special education has been one of the most problematic issues facing educators in recent years. (p. 180) The overrepresentation of students of color in special education has been one of the most problematic issues facing educators in recent years. (p. 180) Some special education classes…had become a dumping ground for many culturally and linguistically diverse children (p. 180) Some special education classes…had become a dumping ground for many culturally and linguistically diverse children (p. 180) While overrepresentation in special education does not necessarily translate into inappropriate placement, it is indicative of either problems within the educational system, or society in general. (p. 181) While overrepresentation in special education does not necessarily translate into inappropriate placement, it is indicative of either problems within the educational system, or society in general. (p. 181)

16. Why are minority students overrepresented in special education? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2dqiecnNJ I&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2dqiecnNJ I&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2dqiecnNJ I&feature=related

17. Contributing Variables to Overrepresentation Poverty (p. 182) Poverty (p. 182) Lead Poisoning (p. 183) Lead Poisoning (p. 183) Over-referrals (p. 183) Over-referrals (p. 183) Racial Bias (p. 184) Racial Bias (p. 184) Assessment Issues (p.184) Assessment Issues (p.184) Unexplained Issues (p. 184) Unexplained Issues (p. 184)

18. CLASSROOM FOCUS Children with disabilities Children with disabilities have the same basic needs as all children. have the same basic needs as all children. need straight, honest communication tempered with sensitivity. need straight, honest communication tempered with sensitivity. are more like than unlike nondisabled children. are more like than unlike nondisabled children. need acceptance and understanding. need acceptance and understanding.

19. CLASSROOM FOCUS Normalization Normalization “making available to all persons with disabilities or other handicaps, patterns of life and conditions of everyday living which are as close as possible to or indeed the same as the regular circumstances and ways of life of society” (Nirje, 1985, p. 67). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ji3R30PT1 PQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ji3R30PT1 PQ