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Sedimentary Rocks Sediments Lithification Deposition Transport Erosion

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Presentation on theme: "Sedimentary Rocks Sediments Lithification Deposition Transport Erosion"— Presentation transcript:

1 Sedimentary Rocks Sediments Lithification Deposition Transport Erosion
Weathering

2 From Sediment to Rock Most sedimentary rocks are formed through a series of processes: erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation.

3 Weathering Mechanical & Chemical Weathering
The sediments that make up sedimentary rocks are produced by: Mechanical & Chemical Weathering

4 Mechanical Weathering

5 Chemical Weathering

6 Mineral Stability

7 Products of Weathering
Lithic (Rock) Fragments (granite, basalt, schist, etc.) Dissolved Ions (Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, etc.) Rust Minerals (Hematite, Goertite, etc.) Clay Minerals (Bentonite, Montmorillonite, etc.) Residual Minerals (Quartz, Orthoclase, Muscovite, etc.)

8 Erosion & Transport Water Wind Ice Gravity

9 Deposition

10 Lithification Sediment Rock

11 Cementation Typical Cement: Calcite Quartz

12 Sedimentary Rocks Identification Note: Use the same terms to describe
sediments & sedimentary rocks. Only difference is lithification!

13 Rock Identification is based on:
Composition What minerals make up the rock? Texture What is the shape, size and orientation of the mineral grains that make up the rock? Major Difference: Crystalline vs. Clastic

14 Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Detrital Rocks Chemical Rocks vs.

15 Difference: Texture Detrital (Clastic Texture) vs
Difference: Texture Detrital (Clastic Texture) vs. Chemical (Crystalline Texture)

16 Detrital Rock Composition
Detrital Rocks Lithic Fragments Quartz Clay Minerals Fossil Fragments Rust Minerals Orthoclase Muscovite / Biotite

17 Detrital Rock Texture Clastic Texture Grain Size Grain Sorting
Grain Rounding Sediment Maturity

18 Grain Size Gravel 2mm Sand 1/16 mm Mud - Silt 1/256 mm Mud - Clay

19 Detrital Rock Names (Based Primarily on Grain Size)
Gravel Sized: Conglomerate Sand Sized: Sandstone Mud Sized: Mudstone Siltstone Shale

20 Sorting

21 Grain Roundness

22 Gravel Sized Detrital Rocks (Subdivided Based on Grain Roundness)
Conglomerate Breccia

23 Maturity Immature Mature Well Sorted Poorly Sorted Well Rounded
All Quartz Immature Poorly Sorted Angular grains Mixed Composition including clay

24 Sandstones (Subdivided based on maturity)
Quartz Sandstone Arkose (Sandstone) Lithic Sandstone Sandstones (Subdivided based on maturity) Greywacke

25 Sandstones Under a Scope

26 Detrital Sedimentary Rock ID

27 Chemical Rock Texture Crystalline Texture Coarse Fine

28 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks (Names based primarily on composition)
Calcite Quartz (silica) Halite Gypsum “Carbon” / Plant Remains Basic Rock Name Limestone Chert Rock Salt Rock Gypsum Peat or Coal

29 Chemical Rocks (Names based mainly on composition)
Crystalline Limestone Limestones Fossiliferous Limestone Chalk

30 Chemical Rocks (cont.) Evaportites Chert Rock Salt Rock Gypsum Coal

31 Chemical Sedimentary Rock ID

32 Sedimentary Rocks on Earth


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