1. SEDIMENTARY ROCK

2. BIG Idea Most rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks through external and internal geologic processes.

3. The formation of sedimentary rocks begins when weathering and erosion produce sediments…

4. Weathering: the breakdown of rocks and minerals at or near the Earth's surface into smaller pieces (sediments).

5. Erosion: Erosion: the removal and transportation of broken down sediment.

6. Sediments: rock, minerals and organic matter broken into fragments.

7. HOW are sediments transported?

9. Wind Moving water GravityGlaciers

10. What happens to sediments after they are transported?

11. Deposition begins when erosion stops: the moving particles fall out of the water or wind and settle on a new surface. the moving particles fall out of the water or wind and settle on a new surface. sediments get dropped off… sediments get dropped off…

13. How sedimentary rocks form: 1.WEATHERING 2.EROSION 3.DEPOSITION 4.COMPACTION: air and water is SQUEEZED out of the sediments 5.CEMENTATION: mineral growth GLUES sediment grains together into solid rock

15. FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ARE EITHER CLASTIC, CHEMICAL or ORGANIC (BIOCHEMICAL)… 1. CLASTIC – MADE UP OF FRAGMENTS FROM PRE-EXISTING ROCKS 1. CLASTIC – MADE UP OF FRAGMENTS FROM PRE-EXISTING ROCKS

16. a. CONGLOMERATE: MADE OF ROUNDED PEBBLES

17. b. BRECCIA: FRAGMENTS THAT HAVE SHARP AND ANGULAR EDGES

18. c. SANDSTONE: MADE OF SAND GRAINS CEMENTED TOGETHER

19. d. SHALE: CLAY-SIZED PARTICLES CEMENTED TOGETHER

20. e. Siltstone: another fine- grained sedimentary rock e. Siltstone: another fine- grained sedimentary rock

21. 2. CHEMICAL (NON-CLASTIC): ROCK FORMED CHEMICALLY OR ORGANICALLY FROM MINERALS THAT PRECIPITATE (separate) FROM WATER (solution)

22. EVAPORITE: FORMED FROM MINERALS LEFT AFTER WATER EVAPORATES ROCK SALT (HALITE)

23. rock gypsum chert (flint)

24. 3. ORGANIC (biochemical) – MADE UP OF ORGANISMS3. ORGANIC (biochemical) – MADE UP OF ORGANISMS coal / peat chalk fossiliferous limestone

25. coquina

26. Porosity: percentage of open spaces in a rock or sediment

27. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE POROSITY: (a) SORTING: amount of uniformity in particle size HIGH pore spaceLOW pore space

29. (b) SHAPE: rounder particles = more porous (c) PACKING: loosely packed = more porous

31. Permeability: how freely water flows through open spaces in a rock (the pores must be connected) Impermeable – water can NOT flow through

32. Can something be porous but impermeable? The cork end is red because the wine went into it. Does this mean it is porous? If you turn the bottle upside down will it leak? Is the cork permeable?

33. SEDIMENTARY ROCK FEATURES 1. STRATIFICATION: LAYERING DUE TO THE CHANGE IN THE KIND OF SEDIMENT

34. 2. RIPPLE MARKS: FORMED BY THE ACTION OF WIND AND WATER ON SAND

36. 3. MUD CRACKS: WHEN MUD DRIES

38. 4. FOSSILS: THE REMAINS OF ANCIENT PLANTS OR ANIMALS