1. Psychotherapy

2. clients

3. Marital Status

4. Age

5. Education

6. Insurance

7. Type of Disorder

8. Psychotherapy therapistssts  psychologist  PhD with clinical training  clinical vs counselling  psychiatrist  MD with clinical internship  others

9. Insight Therapies Psychoanalysis free association dream analysis interpretation resistance transference Modern Psychodynamic Therapy

10. Client-Centred Therapy Carl Rogers non-directive incongruence therapeutic climate genuineness unconditional positive regard empathy therapeutic process

11. Gestalt Therapy Fritz Perls developed 1950s figure-ground relationships skillful frustration role playing

12. Cognitive Therapies

13. Albert Ellis Rational-Emotive Therapy catastrophic thinking ABC model activating event belief system consequence

14. Rational-Emotive Therapy

15. “D” component of the model detecting instances of catastrophic thinking disputing irrationality of this thinking

16. Beck’s Cognitive Theory depressives: blame setbacks on themselves focus on negative events unduly pessimistic make overly negative evaluations

17. Behavioural Therapies General Principles behaviour is the product of learning what has been learned can be unlearned Systematic Desensitization Wolpe, 1950’s based on classical conditioning phobias relaxation training anxiety hierarchy

18. Anxiety Hierarchy

19. Behavioural Therapies Exposure Therapies Flooding Implosion Aversion Therapy UCS (Drug in Alcohol) UCR (Nausea) CS (Alcohol) CR (Nausea)

20. Behavioural Therapies Social Skills Training  Token Economies

21. Theoretical Orientations eclecticism

22. Biomedical Therapies Psychosurgery Golz - 1890 Burkhardt - 1892 Jacobsen - 1935 lobotomy (lobe-cutting) Dr. Antônio Egas Moniz - 1936 leukotomy (white matter cutting)

23. Psychosurgery Walter Freeman 1936 initial procedure Freeman-Watts Standard Procedure prefrontal lobotomy cingulotomy “ice-pick” lobotomy (1945) 18,000+ between 1939 & 1951 1949 Nobel Prize

24. Psychopharmacotherapy Antianxiety drugs e.g., Valium, Xanax, BuSpar

25. Psychopharmacotherapy Antipsychotics e.g., Thorazine, Haldol side effects tardive dyskinesia Antidepressants tricyclics MAO inhibitors selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft

26. Psychopharmacotherapy Lithium tx for bipolar mood disorder

27. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) 70-120 volt AC 1-3 times/week 2-4 weeks side-effects total amnesia retrograde amnesia anterograde amnesia

28. Evaluating Therapeutic Outcomes Eysenck’s (1952) criticism 2/3 rds spontaneous remission same as success rate later spontaneous remission revised to 30% meta analysis (Smith, 1980) people who were treated were better off than 80% of non-treated

30. Evaluating Therapeutic Outcomes

31. Changes in Treatment of Disorders Community Health Movement local, community-based care reduced reliance on hospitalization focus on prevention deinstitutionalization

32. Changes in Treatment of Disorders deinstitutionalization Advantages: more cost effective improved tx in hospitals Disadvantages: increased re-admissions lack of appropriate alternatives results in increased # of homeless