1. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.1 Chapter 8 Minerals

2. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.2 Chapter 8 Lesson 8.1

3. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.3 Key Concepts The human body requires a variety of minerals in different amounts to perform numerous metabolic tasks.

4. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.4 The Nature of Body Minerals Classes of body minerals –Major minerals (>100 mg/day) –Trace elements (<100 mg/day) Functions of minerals Mineral metabolism –Digestion –Absorption –Transport

5. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.5 Chapter 8 Lesson 8.2

6. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.6 Key Concepts A mixed diet of varied foods and adequate energy value is the best source of the minerals necessary for health. Of the total amount of minerals a person consumes, only a relatively limited amount is available to the body.

7. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.7 Major Minerals Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Potassium Chloride Magnesium Sulfur

8. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.8 Calcium Functions –Bone and tooth formation –Blood clotting –Muscle and nerve action –Metabolic reactions Absorption of B12 Activation of pancreatic lipase Secretion of insulin Cell membrane permeability

9. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.9 Calcium, cont’d –Requirements 1000 mg/day –Deficiency states Osteoporosis –Toxicity symptoms –Food sources Milk is the major food source Green vegetables, fish with bones, fortified food

10. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.10 Osteoporosis

11. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.11 Phosphorus Functions –Bone and tooth formation –Energy metabolism Oxidation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein Energy and protein metabolism Cell function and genetic inheritance –Component of enzymes, thiamin, DNA/RNA –Acid-base balance

12. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.12 Phosphorus, cont’d Requirements –700 mg/day Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources –Milk, milk products, fish, eggs

13. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.13 Sodium Functions –Water balance –Acid-base balance –Muscle action –Nutrient absorption

14. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.14 Sodium, cont’d Requirements –AI: 1.5 g/day –UL: 2.3 g/day Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms –Salt sensitivity and hypertension Food sources –Table salt, cured meat, canned soups, processed food

15. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.15 Potassium Functions –Water balance –Metabolic reactions Conversion of blood glucose to glycogen Storage of nitrogen in muscle protein Production of energy –Muscle action –Insulin release –Blood pressure

16. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.16 Potassium, cont’d Requirements –AI: 4.7 g/day Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources –Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fresh meats

17. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.17 Chloride Functions –Digestion Key element in hydrochloric acid secretion –Respiration

18. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.18 Chloride shift

19. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.19 Chloride, cont’d Requirements –AI: 2.3 g/day Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources –Table salt

20. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.20 Magnesium Functions –General metabolism Necessary catalyst for ~300+ reactions in cells –Protein synthesis Activates amino acids Role in synthesis and maintenance of DNA –Muscle action –Basal metabolic rate Influences secretion of thyroxine

21. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.21 Magnesium, cont’d Requirements –~300 to 400 mg/day Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources –Nuts, soybeans, cocoa, seafood, peas, green vegetables

22. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.22 Sulfur Functions –Hair, skin, and nails –General metabolic functions High-energy bond Transfer energy –Vitamin structure –Collagen structure

23. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.23 Sulfur, cont’d Requirements –Not stated, obtained through amino acids methionine and cysteine Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources –Meat, nuts, soy, fish, cheese, eggs

24. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.24 Chapter 8 Lesson 8.3

25. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.25 Key Concepts A mixed diet of varied foods and adequate energy value is the best source of the minerals necessary for health. Of the total amount of minerals a person consumes, only a relatively limited amount is available to the body.

26. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.26 Manganese Chromium Molybdenum Cobalt Boron Vanadium Nickel Trace Elements Iron Iodine Zinc Selenium Fluoride Copper

27. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.27 Iron –Functions Hemoglobin synthesis General metabolism –Proper glucose metabolism –Antibody production –Drug detoxification in the liver –Collagen and purine synthesis –Conversion of carotene to vitamin A

28. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.28 Iron, cont’d –Requirements 8 to 11 mg/day for males 8 to 18 mg/day for females –Deficiency states Anemia –Toxicity symptoms Hemochromatosis –Food sources Heme Nonheme

29. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.29 Heme and Nonheme Iron Sources Heme –Food sources Animal sources only, such as meat and poultry; 40% of iron in animal sources –Absorption rate: rapid Nonheme –Food sources All iron in plant sources; 60% of iron in animal sources –Absorption rate: slow

30. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.30 Iodine Functions –Participation in thyroid gland’s synthesis of thyroxine Requirements –150 mcg/day

31. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.31 Uptake of Iodine

32. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.32 Iodine, cont’d Deficiency states –Goiter –Cretinism –Hypothyroidism –Hyperthyroidism Toxicity symptoms Food sources –Iodized table salt, seafood; depends on soil content

33. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.33 Goiter

34. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.34 Zinc Functions –Enzyme constituent –Immune system –Other functions Requirements –11 mg/day for males –8 mg/day for females

35. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.35 Zinc, cont’d Deficiency states –Poor wound healing –Impaired taste and smell Toxicity symptoms Food sources –Meat, seafood, legumes, whole grains

36. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.36 Selenium Functions –Aids in protection from free radicals Requirements –RDA: 55 mcg/day Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources –Seafood, kidney, liver; depends on soil content

37. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.37 Other Trace Elements Fluoride –Functions by preventing dental caries –Exceeding UL may cause fluorosis Copper –“Iron twin” Manganese –Inhalation toxicity

38. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.38 Other Trace Elements, cont’d Chromium –Previously thought to reduce insulin resistance Molybdenum –Inadequate dietary intake improbable Other essential trace elements –Aluminum, arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon, tin, vanadium

39. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.39 Chapter 8 Lesson 8.4

40. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.40 Key Concepts The human body requires a variety of minerals in different amounts to perform numerous metabolic tasks.

41. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.41 Mineral Supplementation Life cycle needs –Pregnancy and lactation –Adolescence –Adulthood Clinical needs –Iron-deficiency anemia –Zinc deficiency

42. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.42 Summary Minerals are single, inorganic elements. Minerals are classified according to their relative amounts in the body. Major minerals make up 60% to 80% of all inorganic material in the body. Trace elements make up less than 1% of the body’s inorganic material.

43. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.43 Summary, cont’d RDAs have not been set for all minerals. Als or ULs have been set for almost all essential minerals without RDAs. Mineral supplementation is still under much debate.