1. Water and Minerals: The Ocean Within BIOL 103, Chapter 10-2

2. Today’s Topic Trace Minerals: – Iron, Zinc, Selenium, Iodine, Copper, Manganese, Fluoride, Chromium, Molybdenum Other Trace Minerals and Ultratrace minerals

3. Trace Minerals Cofactors for _____________ Components of _________________ Participate in many chemical reaction Essential for: – ______________________ – Immune System

4. Iron Functions: 1.______________ transport (as part of hemoglobin and myoglobin) Hemoglobin: carries oxygen in __________________ Myoglobin: moves oxygen into ______________________ 2.Cofactor for enzymes Participates in reactions involving energy production, amino acid metabolism, muscle function, etc. 3._____________________ function 4.Brain function Nerve cell ________________________ : iron helps produce myelin sheath Nerve cell ________________: iron helps produce neurotransmitters

5. Regulation of Iron in the body Iron absorption depends on: 1.________________ (primary factor) Absorption varies, depending on the person’s needs _________________ absorption when circulating iron and iron reserves are low. 2.GI function Depends on __________________________ 3. ______________________________ of iron in food 2 types of iron found in food: – Heme iron: found in the hemoglobin and myoglobin of animal foods – Non-heme iron: iron in plants and animal foods that is not part of hemoglobin or myoglobin.

6. Problem Set 10, Q3 Explain the difference between heme and non-heme iron. Which is absorbed better?

7. Iron Iron absorption is affected by the following dietary factors: – Enhance (for non-heme iron): ______________________ – Inhibit: _______________________________________bind to non-heme iron ______________________________________compete for absorption Transport and storage: – Transporter: _______________________________ – Storage form of iron: ________________________ Turnover and losses: – Rapid growth and blood expansion (infant  young children) – ____________________________ (menstruation, feces, sweat) – _________________________(ulcer, cancer, parasitic infection)

8. Iron Food sources: – Red meat, oyster, legumes, tofu, whole grains Deficiency: – ________________________________ Toxicity: – Adult doses can cause poisoning in children – Hereditary hemochromatosis – a genetic disorder in which ____________________ results in abnormal iron deposits in the liver and other tissues.

9. Zinc Functions 1.Enzymes – Helps provide _______________ or ___________ catalytic ability Ex: In the retina, zinc must interact with enzyme that activates vitamin A  night vision 2.Gene regulations – Helps small proteins to fold so that the proteins can interact with ____________  “turns on” gene  _________________________ ________________________________________ 3.Immune system – Helps develop and maintain immune system 4.Others: – Taste perception – ______________________________________

10. Regulation of Zinc in the Body Absorption: – Similar to ________________ – Depends on body’s needs, zinc content of the meal, and presence of competing minerals – ______________ and supplemental calcium inhibit absorption Transport, distribution, and excretion: – Zinc circulates in the bloodstream bound to protein, traveling to the liver and tissues. Food sources: – Red meats, seafood

11. Zinc Deficiency: – Uncommon, but may occur in people with illness that impair absorption ______________ and ____________________________ Toxicity: – Usually rare – Can cause copper deficiency: Q: Why is this is beneficial for those with Wilson’s disease (genetic disorder that increases copper absorption)?

12. Selenium Functions: – Part of _________________ enzyme – __________ metabolism: selenium-dependent enzymes __________ the major thyroid hormone. – _______________ function Absorption and excretion: – Bound to amino acid (MET or CYS) – Enhance absorption: ________________ – Inhibits absorption: _________________

13. Selenium Food sources: – Organ meats, fish, seafood, meats Deficiency: – Increase susceptibility to some infections – Keshan disease: enlarged heart disorder in children – Worsens _________________ (low thyroid hormones  slowing of mental/physical functions) Toxicity: – _________________________

14. Iodine Function: _____________________production Food sources: – __________________, fish, seafood, dairy Deficiency: – Goiter: enlarged thyroid gland Low iodine  low thyroid hormone  produces more ___________________________  thyroid gland grows bigger – Cretinism: mental retardation Occurs during pregnancy – Can be caused by ________________ deficiency Toxicity: – ____________________ Too much iodine  inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis  less thyroid hormone  thyroid gland grows bigger.

15. Problem Set 10 Question #4: Q: Explain two ways someone can have hypothyroidism. (Hint: which two minerals are involved?)

16. Copper Functions: – _______________________________production – Immune function – Involved with antioxidant enzyme – Works with ceruloplasmin, a copper-dependent enzyme required for ______________________. Absorption and storage: – Absorption varies from ___________________ – Interferes with absorption: ________________

17. Copper Deficiency: – Causes ___________________ Because copper deficiency reduces production of red and white blood cells – Poor immune function Toxicity: – Relatively non-toxic Food sources: – Organ meats, shellfish, nuts, legumes

18. Manganese Functions: – ________________ production – ________________ formation – Antioxidant enzyme systems Food sources: – Tea, nuts, cereals Deficiency: – Some illness may cause suboptimal Magnesium status: __________________________________ : a progressive disease that destroys myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cord Toxicity: – Incidents due to ___________________________ Symptoms: hallucinations, memory/motor coordination.

19. Fluoride Functions: – _____________________ structure by promoting deposits of calcium and phosphorous. Fluoride Sources (Problem Set 10 Question# 5): – Fluoridated water – Fluoride supplements, toothpastes, mouthwash Toxicity: – Excess can cause fluorosis: ______________________ ____________________________________ The fluoridation debate

20. Chromium Functions: – __________________ metabolism Enhances insulin’s ability to move glucose into cells. Food sources: – Mushrooms, dark chocolate, nuts, whole grains Deficiency and toxicity: – Difficult to determine deficiency – ______________

21. Molybdenum Functions: – _______________ cofactor Food sources – Peas, beans, organ meats, some breakfast cereals Absorption: – Inhibit: ________________ Deficiency/Toxicity: – Deficiency: _____________ – Toxicity: _______________

22. Other Trace Minerals and Ultratrace Minerals Ultratrace minerals: Iodine, Fluoride, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium (Pages 429-430) –Other Trace Minerals: Arsenic, Boron, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium