1. SCIENTIFIC METHODS

2. TARGETS A. Tell how models are used in science. B. Write the steps of the Scientific Method. C. Identify questions and hypothesis’ that are testable. D. Distinguish descriptions and explanations. E. Explain the importance of recording procedures and results of an experiment.

3. Targets F. Identify independent and dependent variables in a controlled experiment. G. Identify a control group, and explain the importance of a control in an experiment. H. Explain the importance of multiple trials and using large sample sizes in an experiment. I. Distinguish qualitative and quantitative data.

4. Targets J. Tell the SI units of length, volume, mass and temperature. K. Describe positives and negatives of developing new technologies. L. Name the steps of the technological design process.

5. I. How Science is Studied A. Types of Investigations 1. Observing : Living things or events in nature. 2. Collecting Specimens : insects / rocks. 3. Research : Seeking more information. 4. Controlled Experiments : control variables.

6. 5. Making Models a. Types : pictures, drawings, 3-D, computer, maps, globes, familiar objects. b. Uses  Show what something looks like on a scale.  Show how something functions.  Make predictions. 6. Review existing work.

8. B. The Scientific Method

9. 1. ID a Testable Question a. Testable questions should not :  address opinions, preferences, moral values.  address the supernatural.  be vague or general b. Testable questions should :  address the natural world or something that can be observed or measured.  be specific

10.  Is football more fun to play than soccer? Do more students prefer to play football or soccer?  Should stem cell research be expanded or banned? Can stem cells be used to cure some diseases?  Do ghosts exist? What percent of the population believe in ghosts?

11. How to grow larger tomatoes?

12. 2. Research / Observations  From reliable sources or experts.

13. 3. Develop a Hypothesis Prediction or possible explanation.  Written as a statement.  Should be specific.  Should be testable. (dogs are happier than cats)

14. Which plant food will grow the largest tomatoes?

15. 4. Collect Evidence / Experiment

16. 5. Collect and Analyze Data

17. 6. Draw Conclusions / Explanation

18. 7. Share Results

19. C. Descriptions and Explanations 1. Descriptions include observations and measurements. 2. Explanations are inferences and tells how or why something occurred based on clues or observations. (judgements)

20. II. Experimental Design A. Procedure / Results Recorded 1. Experiment must be Reproducible. 2. Provide Evidence. 3. Reduce Bias : Allowing personal opinions or expectations to influence results. Belief not supported by evidence.

21. B. Constants / Variables 1. Independent: the variable that is changed. (what is tested?) 2. Dependent: the responding variable. (what is observed or measured?)

22. C. Control 1. Unchanged group or sample. 2. Used for comparison. D. Multiple Trials and E. Large Sample Size 1. More reliable and accurate results. 2. Reduce bias.

23. F. Data Described  Qualitative : describes characteristics  Quantitative : measured or counted G. Informed Consent

24.  Experiment testing spontaneous generation.  Francesco Redi maggots on meat (1668) (control?) (independent variable?) (dependent variable?)

25. III. Collecting Data (metric or SI) A. Base Units 1. Length  Meters

26. 2. Volume  L Liters Graduated Cylinder

27. 3. Mass  Grams

28. 4. Temperature  Degrees Celsius (0 – 100C) (32 – 212F)

29. B. Prefixes  Kilo = 1,000  Centi = 1/100  Milli = 1/1000

30. IV. Microscopes A. Simple Microscope

31. 1. Importance  Single celled things seen for the first time.  Multi celled things understood better. 2. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

32. B. Compound Microscope

34.  Stereo Scopes

35. C. Complex Microscopes Electron : most powerful (1,000,000 vs 1,000)

36. V. Science and Technology A. Technology is the use of tools or methods to help do things better. 1. Positives : improved goods / services, quality of life. 2. Negatives : automation?, warfare, threats to the environment. (in conflict w/environment)

37. B. Technological Design Process 1. ID the Problem 2. Look for Solutions 3. ID the Constraints (limits on cost, time, materials, and environmental effects) 4. Design a Solution 5. Test and Evaluate, revise if necessary

38. NOTES ON PELLAGRA What was the problem of pellagra? In 1914, pellagra was a disease in the U.S. In order to cure / prevent it, scientists tried to figure out what caused it. What did people think caused pellagra.? 1. Eating corn3. Bacteria / germs 2. An insect4. Lack of nutrition / poor diet

39. NOTES ON PELLAGRA What evidence was observed about pellagra? Pellagra was common in the South; in poor areas and institutions. Many people in the South ate a poor diet. Staff at institutions did not have pellagra. Orphans provided with a better diet either recovered from pellagra or did not get it. Some prisoners fed a poor diet developed pellagra. When provided a better diet, they recovered. What did Dr. Goldberger conclude about the cause?