1. Ministry of Science and Technology Taiwan, R.O.C. 2015 Southeast Asia International Joint-Research and Training Program 『 To Promote Sustainable Protection and Restoration of Soil and Groundwater Environment 』 Current state of soil use in Vietnam and remediation orientation Dr. Phan Dinh Tuan, Dr. Nguyen Huu Quynh Anh Hochiminh City University of Natural Ressources and Environment (HCMUNRE), Vietnam 2015/08/22

2. 2 CONTENTS 1.General information of soil pollution 2.Causes of agricultural soil pollution 3.Effects of agricultural soil pollution 4.Remediations and solutions 5.Conclusions

3. 3  Total land area: 33,097,100 ha  Forestry and agricultural land: 25,615,500 ha (74.94%)  Non-agricultural land: 3,777,400 ha (9.76%)  Unused land: 2,948,800 ha (15.30%) GENERAL INFORMATION General Statistics Office of Vietnam, as of 2013

4. 4  Around 260 industrial parks, 1.600 industrial clusters and more than 700 urban areas  Pollutions hotspots : Landfills (sanitary and unsanitary), Gas emissions and solid wastes Soil pollution : Industrial zones and urban factor

5. Soil pollution : rural and agricultural factor 5  More than 9 millions ha in total, around 4 millions ha for rice and paddy fields  3.355 craft villages (especially metal scrap recycle) cause heavy pollution to soil (heavy metal contamination)  Excessive farming, construction, overgrazing, burning of grass cover and deforestation

6. Agricultural soil pollution 6  Growing population : increasing quantity of food and foodstuff, intensive use of chemical substances o Fertiliser (NPK): accumulation of nitrate and heavy metal in soil, increasing of soil acidification o Pesticide and herbicide : organic chlorine (DDT), organic phosphorus, carbamate, pyrethroid : persistence and long degradation time  Use of growth stimulators to mitigate crop losses and increase the harvest

7. Agriculture soil pollution 7  Agent orange: code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants (results in leaf fall) used during the Vietnam War, between 1962 and 1971  anti fertility, skin problems, cancer

8. Effects of Agricultural soil pollutionh 8  Soil salinisation and acidification : Loss of soil productivity, depletion of fauna and flora, reduction of agricultural land.  Soil erosion, flood inundation  Human health related issues  Effect on aquatic animals

9. Remediations and solutions 9  Reduction of chemical products and fertilizer  Utilization of environmental products o Biopesticides and bioinsecticides derived from plants, bacteria, animals and minerals : less toxic, small quantity and decompose quickly.  Develop model of organic farming : combined crops and livestocks, rotating crops and using compost, manure and clover.

10. 10  Development of selected crops for anti erosion effectiveness  Controlled grazing and forest management.  Afforestation and reforestation.  Cropping techniques should be improved to prevent growth of weeds.  Control the pollutants from the landfills and install more waste treatment systems. Remediations and solutions

11. 11  Cropping techniques should be improved to prevent growth of weeds.  Control the pollutants from the landfills and install more waste treatment systems  Applied of advanced technologies to the monitoring of soil contamination and the climate change in agriculture  Using different treatment approaches include physical, chemical and biological technique for effective soil remediation Remediations and solutions

12. 12  Improvement of legislation and policy system for soil and underground water pollution control  Encourage and support the Vietnamese Good Agricultural Practice standard (VietGAP) for production of fresh vegetables and fruits.  Development and implementation of national strategy for soil and underground water pollution control (integrated measures)  Strengthening of legislation enforcement (environmental fee etc.)  Publication of materials on environmental and soil and underground water pollution issues  Raising awareness of the people on the strict use of pesticides Regulation and Land law

13. 13  Soil pollution in Vietnam could be considered a serious problem  It should be invested in clean agriculture, diversification of crops, and minimize the use of chemical products  It should be more focused on sustainable productivity than increasing the productivity of crops and livestocks  Improvement of a nationwide survey and remediation of soil pollution is necessary  It is a key point to have more cooperation on sustainable development and environmental development all over the world Conclusions

14. Ministry of Science and Technology Taiwan, R.O.C. 2015 Southeast Asia International Joint-Research and Training Program 『 To Promote Sustainable Protection and Restoration of Soil and Groundwater Environment 』 Website: www.hcmunre.edu.vn