3. Throughout this period, humans migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia & the Americas.

4. “Old Stone Age” Homo sapiens emerged (Africa ) Settled every landmass on globe adapted to a wide range of environments (tropics to tundra) hunting-and-gathering lifestyle

5. The Neolithic Revolution marks birth of agriculture. Agriculture may have emerged at this time in response to…(1) climate change (2) an rapid increase in the human pop. (3) gradual experimentation by gatherers (women)

6. a.k.a. “New Stone Age”, or Agricultural Revolution TWO landmark achievements in human history  Agriculture (Farming)  Domestication of large animals (Herding) Radical changes in lifestyle from Paleolithic Era  Sedentary living (small agricultural villages)  Pastoralism (nomadic herding)

8. Civilization = complex human societies Made possible by surpluses produced by Agricultural Revolution Key Characteristics:  Cities w/ large populations (tens of thousands)  Powerful states that could compel obedience  More complex social & economic relationships

10. Continuities in Civilization:  Political/social structure of states  Relied on agriculture for survival Changes in Civilization:  More rapid pop. growth  States/Empires grew in size  Emergence of major world religions  More widespread networks of communication & exchange

11. Political Systems w/ coercive power  Larger, more aggressive states  Conquer other states & use their resources  Includes many diverse peoples into single political unit

12. Wrote Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism (1984) Provided a model for understanding the rise & fall of empires throughout history

13. State Level Gov’t High Agricultural Potential in area An environmental mosaic Several small states w/ no clearly dominant state (power vacuum) Mutual antagonism among those states Adequate military resources

14. The Development of an IDEOLOGY supporting…  Personal identification w/ the State  Empire  Leader  Conquest  Militarism

15. Economic Rewards  Reaped esp. in early years  Redistributed to elite & often to all levels of citizens Relative Stability & Prosperity Population increase supported by gov’t & its ideology

16. Failure of Leadership Expansion & Conquest exceed practical limits (overextension) Failure to continue expansion & conquest erodes faith in gov’t & its ideology Rebellions topple the empire

18. COMPARING CLASSICAL EMPIRES ROMAN EMPIREHAN CHINA RISE IDEOLOGY REWARDS FALL

19. COMPARING CLASSICAL EMPIRES ROMAN EMPIREHAN CHINA RISE Republican formof gov’t Central location Resource-rich neighbors Inexhaustible military resources & naval power IDEOLOGY REWARDS FALL

20. COMPARING CLASSICAL EMPIRES ROMAN EMPIREHAN CHINA RISE Republican formof gov’t Central location Resource-rich neighbors Inexhaustible military resources & naval power Kept Qin centralization Ample natural advantages Warring states after Qin fall Inexhaustible military resources w/ iron weapons IDEOLOGY REWARDS FALL

21. COMPARING CLASSICAL EMPIRES ROMAN EMPIREHAN CHINA RISE Republican formof gov’t Central location Resource-rich neighbors Inexhaustible military resources & naval power Kept Qin centralization Ample natural advantages Warring states emerged after Qin fall Inexhaustible military resources w/ iron weapons IDEOLOGY Cult of the emperor (later Christianity) REWARDS FALL

22. COMPARING CLASSICAL EMPIRES ROMAN EMPIREHAN CHINA RISE Republican formof gov’t Central location Resource-rich neighbors Inexhaustible military resources & naval power Kept Qin centralization Ample natural advantages Warring states after Qin fall Inexhaustible military resources w/ iron weapons IDEOLOGY Cult of the emperor (later Christianity) Emperor worship (“Son of Heaven”) & Confucianism REWARDS FALL

23. COMPARING CLASSICAL EMPIRES ROMAN EMPIREHAN CHINA RISE Republican formof gov’t Central location Resource-rich neighbors Inexhaustible military resources & naval power Kept Qin centralization Ample natural advantages Warring states after Qin fall Inexhaustible military resources w/ iron weapons IDEOLOGY Cult of the emperor (later Christianity) Emperor worship (“Son of Heaven”) & Confucianism REWARDS Large public works Roman urbanization Incr. long-distance trade Elaborate body of law Pax Romana Pop. incr. (citizenship) FALL

24. COMPARING CLASSICAL EMPIRES ROMAN EMPIREHAN CHINA RISE Republican formof gov’t Central location Resource-rich neighbors Inexhaustible military resources & naval power Kept Qin centralization Ample natural advantages Warring states after Qin fall Inexhaustible military resources w/ iron weapons IDEOLOGY Cult of the emperor (later Christianity) Emperor worship (“Son of Heaven”) & Confucianism REWARDS Large public works Roman urbanization Incr. long-distance trade Elaborate body of law Pax Romana Pop. incr. (citizenship) Large landed estates Expanded existing cities Silk Road trade network Large bureaucracy w/ civil service meritocracy Pop. incr. (assimilation) FALL

25. COMPARING CLASSICAL EMPIRES ROMAN EMPIREHAN CHINA RISE Republican formof gov’t Central location Resource-rich neighbors Inexhaustible military resources & naval power Kept Qin centralization Ample natural advantages Warring states after Qin fall Inexhaustible military resources w/ iron weapons IDEOLOGY Cult of the emperor (later Christianity) Emperor worship (“Son of Heaven”) & Confucianism REWARDS Large public works Roman urbanization Incr. long-distance trade Elaborate body of law Pax Romana Pop. incr. (citizenship) Large landed estates Expanded existing cities Silk Road trade network Large bureaucracy w/ civil service meritocracy Pop. incr. (assimilation) FALL High turnover of emperors Overextension Tax burden placed on poor Mercenaries neglect borders Frontier rebellion & invasion

26. COMPARING CLASSICAL EMPIRES ROMAN EMPIREHAN CHINA RISE Republican formof gov’t Central location Resource-rich neighbors Inexhaustible military resources & naval power Kept Qin centralization Ample natural advantages Warring states after Qin fall Inexhaustible military resources w/ iron weapons IDEOLOGY Cult of the emperor (later Christianity) Emperor worship (“Son of Heaven”) & Confucianism REWARDS Large public works Roman urbanization Incr. long-distance trade Elaborate body of law Pax Romana Pop. incr. (citizenship) Large landed estates Expanded existing cities Silk Road trade network Large bureaucracy w/ civil service meritocracy Pop. incr. (assimilation) FALL High turnover of emperors Overextension Tax burden placed on poor Mercenaries neglect borders Frontier rebellion & invasion Han court divided Overextension Tax burden placed on poor Mercenaries neglect borders Frontier rebellion & invasion