1. Acids & Bases Chapter 9

2. Arrhenius Acid DEFINITION Any substance that releases hydrogen ions in water. Any substance that releases hydrogen ions in water.EQUATION: HCl  H + + Cl - Hydrochloric acid  hydrogen ion + chloride ion

3. Arrhenius Base DEFINITION Any substance that releases hydroxide ions in water. Any substance that releases hydroxide ions in water.EQUATION: NaOH  Na + + OH - Sodium hydroxide  sodium ion + hydroxide ion

4. Bronsted-Lowry Acid DEFINITION Any substance that can donate a hydrogen ion (H + ) Any substance that can donate a hydrogen ion (H + )EQUATION HC 2 H 3 O 2 + H 2 O  H 3 O + + C 2 H 3 O 2 - acetic acid + water  hydronium ion + acetate ion

5. Bronsted-Lowry Base DEFINITION Any substance that can accept a hydrogen ion (H + ) Any substance that can accept a hydrogen ion (H + )EQUATION NH 3 + H 2 O  NH 4 + + OH - ammonia + water  ammonium ion + hydroxide ion

6. Properties of Acids Corrosive (burns your skin) Corrosive (burns your skin) Sour taste Sour taste pH is less than 7 pH is less than 7 turns litmus paper red turns litmus paper red neutralizes bases neutralizes bases reacts with metals reacts with metals reacts with carbonates reacts with carbonates

7. Examples of Acids Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is found in gastric juices Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is found in gastric juices Sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) found in car batteries Sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) found in car batteries Carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) found in softdrinks Carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) found in softdrinks Acetic acid (HC 2 H 3 O 2 ) found in vinegar Acetic acid (HC 2 H 3 O 2 ) found in vinegar Citric acid found in oranges and lemons Citric acid found in oranges and lemons

8. Properties of Bases Corrosive (burns your skin) Corrosive (burns your skin) Slippery feel Slippery feel pH is more than 7 pH is more than 7 Turns litmus blue Turns litmus blue Neutralizes acids Neutralizes acids

9. Examples of Bases Sodium hydroxide,NaOH, found in drain cleaner Sodium hydroxide,NaOH, found in drain cleaner Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2, or limewater Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2, or limewater Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH) 2, or milk of magnesia Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH) 2, or milk of magnesia Ammonia, NH 3, found in cleaning agents Ammonia, NH 3, found in cleaning agents Bleach Bleach Soap Soap toothpaste toothpaste

10. Reactions with Acids Acid + Metal  salt + hydrogen gas 2HCl + Mg  MgCl 2 + H 2 Hydrochloric acid + magnesium  magnesium chloride + hydrogen Acid + carbonate  salt + water + carbon dioxide 2HCl + CaCO 3  CaCl 2 + H 2 O + CO 2 Hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate  calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide

11. Neutralization Reactions acid + base  salt + water HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H 2 O hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide  sodium chloride + water