1. Parts of Speech

2. 8 Parts of Speech Noun-names Pronoun-replaces names Verb-states action or being Adjective-describes nouns or pronouns Adverb-describes or limits verbs, adjectives or other adverbs Preposition-relates Conjunction-connects Interjection-expresses strong feeling!

3. Nouns--- people, place, thing, idea Common-non specific names – man, church, country Proper-specific names – Jim, The Arch, Chicago – always capitalized Compound-includes more than 1 word – Separate words---living room – Hyphenated words---break-in; twenty-one – Combined words---birdhouse, flashlight Collective-represents a group – class, family, team, choir, jury Types

4. Types of Pronouns Personal---I, me, my, you, our, we, they… Reflexive---end in –self (myself, herself, themselves) NOT hisself or themself Indefinite---refer to unnamed people, places, ideas (see pg. 33 for the list) Demonstrative---this, that, these, those but only when used by themselves. NOT…This book is lost. This is cold. (adjective) (pronoun) Interrogative---ask questions. Who, what, which, whom, whose

5. Cases of Pronouns Nominative---names; subjects or predicate nominative (found toward front of sentence) Objective---action is done to it; found toward end of sentence Possessive---shows ownership Vocative---you

6. Pronouns Pronouns take the place of nouns Must agree in gender and number with the noun to which it refers

7. Antecedent This is noun that the pronoun is taking the place of. Justin said he couldn’t go to the game. (antecedent) (pronoun) Alan caught the ball and threw it to first base. (antecedent) (pronoun)

8. Pronoun and Antecedent Agreement (pg. 225-227) Pronouns and antecedents must agree, but sometimes it is very tricky to determine if the pronoun is singular or plural Determining gender is fairly easy Masculine He, him, his Feminine She her, hers Neuter it, its

9. Some pronouns seem like they should be plural, but are ALWAYS SINGULAR no matter what words follow it If the pronoun ends in –one or –body, it is singular Singular Indefinite Pronouns Anybody either neither one Anyone everybody nobody somebody Each everyone no one someone

10. Plural Indefinite Pronouns-these are always plural (more than one) no matter what words follow it. Plural Indefinite Pronouns Both Few Many Several

11. These can be either singular or plural. The key is looking at the antecedent (object of the preposition) Some of the metal has lost its shine. Some of the performers have lost their edge. Singular or Plural all any most none some

12. Verbs & Verb Phrases Verbs can be action, linking, or helping Action verbs tell the action the subject is doing. – Example: The man walked to the store. Linking verbs are used when the subject is being described. They are state of being verbs – Example: The dinner was cold. Was is the linking verb to connect dinner and cold.

13. Helping verbs are used to create a verb phrase. – Example: The snowflakes were falling on the ground. Were is the helping verb that is used with falling to create the verb phrase were falling

14. Adjectives Describe nouns and pronouns Answers the questions which ones, how many, what kind If two are used in succession, they are separated by a comma – The large, furry rabbit ate the green, leafy lettuce Sometimes, adjectives can really be nouns or pronouns – Her article appeared in the school newspaper. – Her article for school appeared in the newspaper. – This is very interesting. – This book is very interesting.

15. Adverbs Describe or limit verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs Often (but not always) end in –ly Answers the questions when, where, how, to what extent