2. Spanish colonies throughout Latin America started to fight for independence in 1819. Colombia gained independence in 1819 Mexico gained independence in 1821 Central America gained independence in 1821 Brazil announced its independence in 1822.

4. European countries threatened to help Spain regain territory. President Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams were worried about the security of all young countries in the Americas (including the U.S.)

5. December 1823, President Monroe told Congress (Monroe Doctrine) the U.S. would not allow European nations to create colonies or interfere with the free nations of Latin America. Any attempt to do so would be considered “dangerous to our peace and safety”.

6. Canada was still under British rule. In 1837, there were rebellions in Canada. Britain decided to allow them to have some self-government with Britain having ultimate control. Between 1818 and 1846 Britain and the U.S. settled several border disputes regarding Canada. This helped establish excellent relations between the 2 countries.

7. With the Monroe Doctrine “protecting” our southern borders from European expansion and tensions eased with Canada, Americans had a sense of security and focused on domestic (internal) issues.