1. The People of the Plains By: Nathalia Lee, Joanna Khammountry & Mark Batin

2. Homes/Habitat Interior Plains Tipis Earth Lodges  Grassy prairies and Rocky Mountains. - cold winters and hot summers.  Buffalo hide sewed together to make tipi coverings. - it was light and easy for dogs to carry materials.  Permanent communities lived in shelters called earth lodges made of poles covered in earth to form a dome.

3. Tipi made from buffalo hide where Plains people lived in. A village that uses earth lodges as shelters. http://www.firstpeople.us/tipi/pt/bl ackfoot-tipis.jpg http://daphne.palomar.edu/scrout/AIS120/cat02.jpg A map of where several plains tribes are located in Canada. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com

4. Clothing Tanned buffalo hide – Used to make robes, moccasins (shoes) and snowshoes. Men’s clothing – Breech clothes, aprons, leggings, fur robes and ponchos. - showed society status and accomplishments. Women’s clothing – Simple, leather dresses, capes and long sleeves. Both men and women wore their hair long and often in braids. These two are wearing traditional Sioux clothing http://whitewolve.com/native_americans/culture.sioux.traditionalclothing.jpg

5. http://www.minnehahacounty.org/museums/exhibits/l_c_gifts_mandan /teachers/photo-a-rdy/a26-dress/a26-dress-p0018020.JPG A simple woman’s dress made from animal hide. http://www.icollector.com/images/104/17195/17195_0364_1_lg.jpg Moccasins were shoes also made of animal skin, most likely buffalo hide.

6. Subsistence Food – Buffalo, antelope, deer, elk - meat was made into pemmican, roasted, smoked or boiled - soups and stews Nomads – Plains people traveled long distances to hunt buffalo for food. Hunters and Gatherers – Men hunted the buffalos - women gathered fruits, vegetables and prepared the meats and meals Before horses arrived, dogs were needed to carry supplies. –canoes were also used for transportation

7. http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_plains3.html Hunters disguised as wolves when hunting buffalos. Meat being hanged to dry. http:// firstpeoplesofcanada.com/images/firstnations/teachers_guide /plains/dryingmeat.jpg A woman pounding meat to make Pemmican. http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_plains3.html

8. Tools and Weapons Hunting knives - Usually made from copper and sharpened rocks. Sacks/bags - Used to store foods and water and even to carry babies. - made from animal hides Dishes and spoons were made from wood. Shields of buffalo skin and blades made from stones were used during hunting. http://www.artamp.com/free-clipart/775-vintage-indian-designs/ A moss bag used to carry babies in. http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_ groups/fp_plains6.html

9. Society There were many nations of the Plains – For example, Blackfoot, Assiniboine, Cree, Sioux, Crow and Comanche. Bands – People were divided into bands and lived, worked and traveled together. Warrior societies – Men belonged to warrior societies. These societies helped make decisions with elders. Women took care of the family and household.

10. http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/forts/images/main-apachecamp.jpg An example of what a plains community looks like. Men were out hunting while women stayed to take care of the home.

11. Leadership & Government Leadership – They were men with hunting ability, experience and wealth. Counsels – Counsels were elders and made the decisions in the band. Chiefs – Each band had a chief. Chiefs were usually prophets, elders, valiant warriors or a wealthy person. Elders told stories to pass down knowledge to younger generations http://www.ilhawaii.net/~stony/datadown/art/stortell.gif

12. Religious/Spiritual Customs Spirits – The plains people believed in great spirits. They believed that the spirits would come into their dreams and give them advice also called “Spiritual Guidance” Hunters had connections with animals. Sun dance – An important ritual where dancers fast and put themselves through pain A young man performing the sun dance. His chest is pierced as he pulls away from the pole. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/images/hist_ sun_sun_dance.jpg

13. Cultural Artifacts Snowshoes made of caribou hide laced through frames Baskets, containers, robes, cradleboards, moccasins decorated with beads and quills. Toboggans made from buffalo ribs. Shields made with buffalo rawhide. A light bag used to store pemmican http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009070

14. http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/forts/images/bag.html A leather drawstring pouch decorated with beads. http://dreamcatcher.com/images/DreamCatcher-Legend.jpg Dream catchers were believed to trap bad dreams and let good dreams flow through.

15. Bibliography Johnson, Michael. Native Tribes of the Plains and Prairie. Milwaukee. World Almanac Library, 2004. The Brown Reference Group. Native North American. Connecticut. Brown Bear Books Limited, 2009 Kalman, Bobbie. Life in a Plains Camp. New York. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2001 Kalman, Bobbie. Nations of the Plains. New York. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2001 Stout, Mary. Native American Peoples: Cree. Milwaukee. Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2004 Banting, Erinn. The Cree. Calgary. Weigl Education Publishers Limited, 2008 Gianetta, J. For The Hunt. http://www.saskschools.ca/~gregory/firstnations/tools.html. April 2009 http://www.saskschools.ca/~gregory/firstnations/tools.html. April 2009 The Plains People. http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_plains2.html. 2007http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_plains2.html Cranny, Michael. Crossroads. Toronto. Pearson Education Canada Inc., 1998