1. Essential Question Essential Question: – What were the significant causes & effects of the War of 1812? Take notes on Madison video

2. The Road to War: Renewed Conflict with England & France

3. The Embargo of 1807 When England & France resumed war in 1803 & violated U.S. neutrality, Jefferson approved the unpopular Embargo of 1807 To enforce the embargo, Jefferson contradicted his principles of individual liberty & weak gov’t: – He mobilized the military to enforce the blockade – He declared regions of NY (near Canada) in a state of insurrection

4. The Embargo of 1807 For 15 months the embargo proved ineffective; Congress repealed the embargo in 1809 Jefferson’s decision to not run for a third term meant that these problems fell to his hand-picked successor, James Madison In 1808, Madison was elected president & the Republicans maintained control of the gov’t “Never did a prisoner, released from his chains, feel such relief as I shall on shaking off the shackles of power.”—TJ Congress repealed the embargo just 3 days after Jefferson left office But it produced economic hardship, smuggling, & political dissent in America The embargo gained no political concessions from France or Britain

6. The Road to the War of 1812 The focus of Madison’s presidency was foreign policy: Non-Intercourse Act – In 1809, the Non-Intercourse Act promised the U.S. would resume trade with England & France once U.S. neutrality is respected Macon’s Bill #2 – In 1810, Congress replaced this with Macon’s Bill #2 offering exclusive trade to whichever nation 1 st honored U.S. neutrality

7. The War of 1812

8. War of 1812 U.S. was unprepared for war: – Congress refused to raise taxes – The army was small & state militias were inadequate – The government was incapable of directing a full-scale war

9. The War of 1812 In 1814, the British took the offensive in a 3-pronged attack British were turned back at Plattsburg on Lake Champlain & gave up their Canadian offensive The British attacked the undefended Chesapeake & burned Washington, DC & laid siege to Baltimore The American army under Andrew Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans (after a peace treaty was drawn up ending the war)

12. “Battle of New Orleans”—Johnny Horton (1959) In 1814 we took a little trip Along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip. We took a little bacon and we took a little beans And we caught the bloody British in the town of New Orleans. [Chorus:] We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin. There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago. We fired once more and they began to runnin' on Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. We looked down the river and we see'd the British come. And there must have been a hundred of'em beatin' on the drum. They stepped so high and they made the bugles ring. We stood by our cotton bales and didn't say a thing. [Chorus] Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surprise If we didn't fire our muskets 'til we looked 'em in the eye We held our fire 'til we see'd their faces well. Then we opened up with squirrel guns and really gave 'em... well

13. Hartford Convention Federalists opposed the war by not paying taxes or sending troops In 1814, Federalists met at the Hartford Convention to discuss altering the U.S. Constitution to: – restrict Congress’ war powers – supported a one-term president – abolish the three-fifths clause They discussed seceding from the USA if they did not get their way The War of 1812 is still going on!! In order to reduce southern control of Congress In order to break the Virginia presidential dynasty

14. Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent ended the war, but did not address U.S. neutrality Effects of the War of 1812: – Ended all Indian-British alliances in western lands – Scared Spain into signing the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819 – The lack of Federalist loyalty was the fatal blow to the party Spain ceded Florida to the USA

15. Discussion Questions To what extent was the War of 1812 a “second American Revolution”? Which treaty was more significant in U.S. history: Jay’s Treaty (1794) OR the Treaty of Ghent (1814)? Explain Which president was more successful: John Adams or James Madison? Explain.

16. The Era of Good Feelings (1816-1825)

17. The Era of Good Feelings After the War of 1812, America experienced an “Era of Good Feelings” characterized by: – An extremely popular president – The emergence of a 2 nd generation of U.S. leaders – Dominance by the Republicans – A surge in nationalism that united the country & improved U.S. industry & transportation

18. Monroe as President James Monroe was elected president in 1816 & 1820 with a clear set of goals: – To promote national unity – To promote America’s power in the world Republican dominance of the presidency & Congress helped push through a series of new laws He appointed Democrats, Federalists, Southerners, Northerners to his cabinet; including Sec of State John Q Adams

20. The Great Triumvirate By 1816, a wave of new leaders shaped the antebellum era: Henry Clay (Republican, KY) : – Represented the “West” – Speaker of the House – Proponent of national economic development (“American System" to promote industry & markets for farmers)

21. The Great Triumvirate By 1816, a new wave of leaders shaped the antebellum era: John C. Calhoun (Republican, SC): – Represented the “South” – Sec of War; VP – He was the nation's leading proponent of states' rights (he embraced nullification)

22. The Great Triumvirate By 1816, a new wave of leaders shaped the antebellum era: Daniel Webster (Whig, MA): – Represented the “North” – Congressman; Sec of State – Strong proponent of nationalism & strong critic of states' rights While they did not always agree, this “Great Triumvirate” of Clay, Calhoun, & Webster enthusiastically supported national economic development

23. Politics After the War of 1812 The Dem-Repubs traditionally represented limited gov’t, states' rights, & strict construction But, without Federalist opposition, the Dem-Repubs adopted many traditionally Federalist policies: – National economic development – A permanent army – Transportation improvements – A national university in D.C. Who else are you going to vote for?

24. Henry Clay’s American System American System Henry Clay’s American System in 1816 proposed the creation of: 2 nd Bank of the U.S. – The 2 nd Bank of the U.S. to stabilize U.S. currency – Tariff of 1816 – Tariff of 1816 to promote U.S. industry & limit the importation of British manufactured goods – A nat’l system of roads & canals The “American System” helped unify North, South, & West Jefferson let the charter of the 1 st BUS expire in 1811 1 st significant protective tariff in U.S. history All were proposed by Hamilton & opposed by Republicans in the 1790s Helped pave the way for future RR construction & western Indian removal

25. Judicial Nationalism John Marshall (1801-1835) used the Supreme Court to strengthen the power of the national gov’t: – Exerted the power of the national gov’t over the states – Rejected the claim that states could check powers of the national gov’ t – Affirmed the loose construction argument of the elastic clause

26. Judicial Nationalism Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819): Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819): gov’t cannot interfere with contracts between private parties Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819): Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819): McCullough v. Maryland (1819): McCullough v. Maryland (1819): Congress possesses powers not explicitly stated in Constitution; Congressional laws are supreme to decisions made by the states McCullough v. Maryland (1819): McCullough v. Maryland (1819): Gibbons v. Odgen (1824): Gibbons v. Odgen (1824): interstate commerce is power reserved for national gov’t Gibbons v. Odgen (1824): Gibbons v. Odgen (1824):

27. Nationalist Foreign Policy President Monroe & Sec of State JQ Adams developed a nationalist foreign policy agenda Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817): to avoid conflicts along the Great Lakes, the U.S. agreed not to take Canada & Britain not to invade the U.S The Convention of 1818 set the US/Canada border set at the 49º

28. Nationalist Foreign Policy Monroe & JQ Adams turned their attention to acquiring Florida: – Andrew Jackson took it upon himself to end Indian attacks on Georgia from Spanish Florida Adams-Onis Treaty – Jackson’s military advances & U.S. success in the War of 1812 helped force the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) that ceded Florida & Oregon to U.S. Also, Spain assumed Florida would eventually be annexed U.S. agreed to pay Spain $5 million & renounced claims to Texas

29. Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

30. Nationalist Foreign Policy When Latin American nations revolted against Spain, the U.S. supported the new republics: – European powers disliked these liberal rebellions & were tempted to re-conquer them – Monroe Doctrine – Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere & the U.S. will not interfere in Europe The U.S. will protect Latin American independence The U.S. will act independently & will protect its sphere of influence