1. Final Review

2. What are the parts of an experiment?
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Data Collection
Conclusion
Retest

3. What are the variables of an experiment?
Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (in this case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Group A is given the special juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the special juice. After an hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. Group A made 1,587 stacks, Group B made 2,113 stacks.
Independent Variable
Special juice
Dependent Variable
How many stacks are made
Control Variable
No special juice given (normal group)

4. What is the relationship between the variables?
Independent Variable
Manipulated by the scientist
The scientist applies this variable to a group
Graphed on the X axis
Dependent Variable
Measured by the scientist
What are you counting?
Graphed on the Y axis
Control Variable
Used for comparison
Usually the group that received nothing special!

5. What is an experimental control?
Lisa is working on a science project. Her task is to answer the question: "Does Rogooti (which is a commercial hair product) affect the speed of hair growth". Her family is willing to volunteer for the experiment.
Set up an experiment to test this.
What would the independent variable be?
Whether a family member gets Rogooti or not.
What would the dependent variable be?
Hair growth
What would the control be?
The family members that do NOT get Rogooti

6. What is a conclusion?
Lisa is working on a science project. Her task is to answer the question: "Does Rogooti (which is a commercial hair product) affect the speed of hair growth". Her family is willing to volunteer for the experiment.
Marge and Homer used Rogooti and grew 14 inches of hair in two weeks. An inch a day.
Maggie and Bart did NOT use Rogooti and grew 2 cm of hair in two weeks.
An answer to the experiment based on data obtained.
Should be LOGICAL!

7. What is some evidence that supports the conclusion?
Lisa is working on a science project. Her task is to answer the question: "Does Rogooti (which is a commercial hair product) affect the speed of hair growth". Her family is willing to volunteer for the experiment.
Marge and Homer used Rogooti and grew 14 inches of hair in two weeks. An inch a day.
Maggie and Bart did NOT use Rogooti and grew 2 cm of hair in two weeks.
What should Lisa conclude?
How would she represent this information?

8. What are trends in graphs?
Negative (inverse)
When one increases, the other decreases
Positive (direct)
When one increases, the other increases OR when one decreases, the other decreases
No relationship
One has NO EFFECT on the other.

9. Why do scientists repeat experiments?
In order to verify results, experiments must be RETESTED!
It adds validity to the findings.

10. How do scientists communicate findings?
When scientists want to communicate the results of their experiment, they use SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS or other publications!

11. How does society influence scientific studies?
What do you think?

12. How does scientific study influence society?
What do you think?

13. What is pure and applied science?
Pure Science
Answers questions about phenomena and mechanisms in the natural world.
Why do you do it?
Because we wanted to know!
EX. Studying the ICE MAN
Applied Science
Application of scientific knowledge to practical problems.
To fight disease, identify criminals, learn how to store hazardous wastes…etc.

14. What are the characteristics of life?
1. have cells 2. reproduce 3. have DNA 4. grow and develop 5. obtain and use energy 6. respond to their environment 7. maintain homeostasis 8. evolve over time

15. What are the levels of organization in living things?
From small to LARGE!
Atoms
Molecules/Compounds
Organelle
Cells
Tissues
Organ
Organ system
Organism

16. What are the four types of carbon-based molecules?
What structures in the cell are they a part of?
What are the momomers?
What are the polymers?
Nucleic Acids
In the nucleus
nucleotides
DNA
Proteins
Transport proteins in the cell membrane
Amino acids
Leucine (protein)
Lipids
Makes up the majority of the cell membrane
triglycerides
Phospholipids
Identification chains on the cell membrane
monosaccharides
cellulose
Carbohydrates

17. What are Macromolecules?
They are POLYmers
made of many smaller units called MONOmers
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
They are ORGANIC
That means they all have CARBON!

18. What are the building blocks of macromolecules?
The MONOmers of each of the macromolecules are:
Carbohydrates are made of MONOSACCHARIDES
Lipids are made of TRIGLYCERIDES
Proteins are made of AMINO ACIDS
Nucleic acids are made of NUCLEOTIDES

19. What macromolecule makes the cell membrane?
Lipids

20. What are the characteristics of enzymes?
1. They are PROTEINS! 2. They SPEED UP the RATE of chemical reactions by LOWERING ACTIVATION ENERGY 3. They are REUSABLE. They can be used over and over again. 4. They are SPECIFIC. An enzyme only works on very specific substrates

21. What is the cell theory?
1. All organisms are made of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

22. What technology lead to the cell theory?
MICROSCOPES!!!!

23. What are prokaryotes? Pro= EARLY Karyo= NUT
They lack a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
Are single celled
Bacteria and Archaea

24. What are eukaryotes? Eu = GOOD Karyo = NUT
They have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
They can be single celled or multicellular
They are plants and animals

25. What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
More primitive
Has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Multicellular
Plant and Animal Cells
Unicellular
Bacteria and Archaea

26. DNA scientists
Griffiths: bacteria transforming principle – came up with idea that DNA was transforming principle
Avery: furthered Griffiths work – said DNA was genetic material
Hershey and Chase: Worked bacteria phages
Wilkins and Franklin: x-ray diffraction images
Watson and Crick: built DNA double helix model
Chargaff: discovered base pairing
Hooke: discovered cells

27. What are the cells organelles and their functions?
Nucleus
Control center of the cell, contains DNA
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Creates lipids, detoxifies the cell, and involved in cell metabolism
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Creates proteins for use by the body and cell.

28. What are the cells organelles and their functions?
Ribosomes
Assist in the assembly of proteins
Involved in DNA translation and transcription
Golgi Apparatus
Packages and modifies proteins for export
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
Creates ATP
Lysosome
Is the “stomach” of the cell, breaks down molecules
Programmed for cell death

29. What is another name for the cell membrane?
Fluid Mosaic Model

30. What is the function of water in a plant cell?
Maintains the cell shape

31. What is the difference between the mitochondria and chloroplast?
Present in PLANTS and ANIMALS
Present in PLANTS ONLY
Where CELLULAR RESPIRATION takes place
Where PHOTOSYNTHESIS takes place
Has a MATRIX, CRISTAE, and a DOUBLE MEMBRANE
Has GRANA, THYLAKOIDS, and CHLOROPHYLL

32. What is the structure and function of the cell membrane?
Lipid bi-layer (made of fats)
Has “tags” that allow white blood cells to identify it as part of the body
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Is the “bouncer” of the cell

33. Cell Transport Transport against the concentration gradient
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Transport down the concentration gradient
Does not require energy
Transport against the concentration gradient
Requires energy - ATP

34. What are some mechanisms of cellular transport?
Osmosis
Passive Transport
Does NOT require energy
Active Transport
Requires Energy (ATP)

35. What is diffusion? Passive Transport Simple diffusion
Requires NO ENERGY
Simple diffusion
Down a concentration gradient
Solutes automatically diffuse from HIGH to LOW concentration
Facilitated diffusion
Solutes diffuse from HIGH to LOW concentration
Solutes USE A PROTEIN to help them cross the lipid bi- layer

36. Facilitated Diffusion
Passive transport
Aided by a transport protein

37. What are the special properties of water?
Water is POLAR
The molecule has a positive and negative side.
Oxygen is an electron hog, and will be slightly negative.
Water is a UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
With time, water can dissolve almost any substance.
Water has CAPILLARY ACTION
It can move up a narrow tube AGAINST the force of gravity
Water has ADHESION and COHESION
Adhesion – water and other substance (like glass) cling together
Cohesion – water and water cling together

38. What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
Is passive diffusion
Requires NO energy
Water will go from an area of LOW solute concentration to HIGH solute concentration
Think of a tea bag in water

39. What are isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions?
Solute concentration is the same inside and outside the cell.
Water moves equally into and out of the cell.
Normal Cell

40. What are isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions?
Solute concentration outside the cell is LOWER than solute concentration inside the cell.
Water is moving INSIDE the cell
Cell swells and burst
cytolysis

41. What are isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions?
Solute concentration outside the cell is HIGHER than solute concentration inside the cell.
Water is moving OUTSIDE the cell.
Cell shrinks
plasmolysis

42. What are some energy storing molecules?
Plants use STARCH
Animals use GLYCOGEN and TRIGLYCERIDES
Sugar and fat

43. What is photosynthesis?
A process to capture energy from sunlight to make sugars.
Takes place in the CHLOROPLASTS
Uses the light capturing molecule chlorophyll
Includes the Light Reaction
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
Includes the Dark Reaction
Calvin Cycle
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen

44. What is made during photosynthesis?
sugar – glucose
Oxygen

45. What is cellular respiration?
Releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules to make ATP
Takes place in the MITOCHONDRIA
Both PLANTS & ANIMALS undergo cellular respiration
Includes Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain
Can include Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation in Animals
Alcoholic Fermentation in plants
C6H12O6 + 6O CO2 + 6H2O
a sugar + oxygen carbon dioxide + water

46. What is made during cellular respiration?
Carbon Dioxide
Water

47. What is the difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Organelle for Process
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Reactants
CO2 and H2O
Sugar (C6H12O6) and O2
Electron Transport Chain
Proteins in the chloroplast
Proteins in the mitochondria
Cycle of Chemical Reactions
Calvin Cycle builds the sugar molecule (C6H12O6)
Krebs Cycle breaks down the sugar molecule (C6H12O6)
Products
Sugar (C6H12O6) and O2
CO2 and H2O

48. What does anaerobic and aerobic mean?
An = not
Aerob = uses oxygen
Processes or organisms that do not require oxygen
Ex. Glycolysis and fermentation
Aerobic
Processes or organisms that do require oxygen
Ex. Cellular Respiration

49. What is Interphase? G1 S G2 Cell grows
During G0, the cell does its job S
Cell replicates its DNA G2
Cell grows again
ALL of these are INTERPHASE!

50. What are the purposes and processes of Mitosis?
Division of the nucleus
Used for repair and growth
Only happens in EUKARYOTIC cells
Includes 4 steps
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Results in:
TWO genetically IDENTICAL daughter cells

51. What are the purposes and processes of Meiosis?
Produces gametes (egg or sperm)
Includes 8 steps
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Results in:
4 genetically DIFFERENT HAPLOID daughter cells.

52. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

53. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
# of divisions 1 2
# of daughter cells 2 4
Genetically Identical
Yes No
Chromosome #
46 (diploid)
23 (haploid)
Where
Somatic (body) cells
Germ cells
When
Throughout life
After puberty
Role
Growth and repair
Sexual reproduction

54. What does haploid and diploid mean?
Di = two
Ploid = chromosomes
Having two chromosomes for each trait
In humans 46 (normal body cells)
Haploid
Hap = half or one
Having one chromosome for each trait
In humans 23 (gamete; egg or sperm)

55. Who identified the structure and function of DNA?
Fredrick Griffith was experimenting with two forms of bacteria (S and R form).
After heat-killing S bacteria, and mixing it with R bacteria, he found that the R bacteria had transformed into S bacteria.
He called this the “transforming principle”.
Avery, Hershey, and Chase confirmed that the “transforming principle was DNA.

56. Who identified the structure and function of DNA?
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
Took x-ray photos of DNA
James Watson and Francis Crick
Interpreted photos to figure out that DNA was a twisted double helix

57. What is the function of DNA?
Stores genetic information
Contains instructions for making PROTEINS

58. What are the components of DNA?
DNA is a polymer made of nucleotides.
The nucleotides have a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base.
There are four different types of nitrogenous bases.
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

59. How do you get from DNA to chromosomes to genes?
DNA has ALL genetic information
DNA is coiled into chromosomes during replication
Chromosomes contain genes that will become traits

60. What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
Purpose
Carries genetic information
Assists in “reading” the information on DNA
Structure
Double stranded
Single stranded
Sugar
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
Bases

61. What are genetics?
The science of heredity and the interaction between genes and the environment.