1. The Civil War (1861-1865) Through Maps, Charts, Graphs & Pictures
Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. Beginning of the Civil War Notes
I. The Union Breaks
a. Lincoln wins the election of 1860 without winning a single southern state.
b. Dec. 20, 1860, South Carolina succeeds from the Union
i. Over the next few weeks 6 other southern states followed

3. c. February 1861 the seven southern states meet in
c. February 1861 the seven southern states meet in Montgomery, AL and form the Confederate States of America.
Jefferson Davis is elected President
Richmond, VA made capital
d. Despite last ditch efforts to save the Union, Lincoln refused offers
He was strongly against the expansion of slavery and succession by Southern States

4. II. Initial military strategies
1. Both side adopt strategies that fit their objectives and resources.
a. Northern advantages = manpower, production power, factories, greater food production, railroads, strong navy
b. Southern advantages = “King Cotton”, first-rate generals, highly motivated troops, agriculture

5. North vs. South in 1861
North
South
Advantages ?
Disadvantages

6. Rating the North & the South

7. Slave/Free States Population, 1861

8. Railroad Lines, 1860

9. Resources: North & the South

10. The Union & Confederacy in 1861

11. Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

12. Ohio Military Service

13. Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined

14. Immigrants as a % of a State’s Population in 1860

15. The Leaders of the Confederacy
Pres. Jefferson Davis
VP Alexander Stevens

16. The Confederate “White House”

17. MOTTO  “With God As Our Vindicator”
The Confederate Seal
MOTTO  “With God As Our Vindicator”

18. A Northern View of Jeff Davis

19. II. Initial military strategies
1. Both side adopt strategies that fit their objectives and resources.
a. Northern advantages = manpower, production power, factories, greater food production, railroads, strong navy
b. Southern advantages = “King Cotton”, first-rate generals, highly motivated troops, agriculture

20. 3. Confederacy = Fight a defensive war!
2. Union = Anaconda Plan
a. Naval blockade of southern ports
b. Union moves down Mississippi River/cut Confederacy in two
c. Capture Confederate capital = Richmond, VA
3. Confederacy = Fight a defensive war!

21. Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy:
“Anaconda” Plan

22. The “Anaconda” Plan

23. George McClellan, Again!
Lincoln’s Generals
Winfield Scott
Joseph Hooker
Ulysses S. Grant
Irwin McDowell
George McClellan
George Meade
Ambrose Burnside
George McClellan, Again!

24. McClellan: I Can Do It All!

25. The Confederate Generals Nathan Bedford Forrest
“Stonewall” Jackson
Nathan Bedford Forrest
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee

26. III. Initial battles
Fort Sumter kicks off war – Confederates attack Union fort (April 12-13, 1861)
Battle of Bull Run (Manassas, VA) July 21, 1861 – southern victory (Stonewall Jackson hero)
3. U.S. Grant fights on Miss. River in west (Fort Henry & Fort Donaldson in TN) – Union victories. Gen. Farragut seizes New Orleans

27. Battle of Shiloh (TN) – shows war would be a bloody and long one (April 7, 1862)
- 24,000 casualties (Union 13,000 / Conf. 11,000)
5. Confederates defend Richmond move on D.C. (Lee vs. McClellan) Spring 1862, Seven Days Battle
Antietam (MD) – Sept. 17, 1862 – bloodiest single day battle in American history – Union victory
- 26,000 casualties (Union 12,000 / Conf. 14,000)
7. Early in Civil War North winning in the West, Stalemate in East (South defending home).

28. Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861

29. The Monitor vs. the Merrimac
The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862
The Monitor vs. the Merrimac

30. Damage on the Deck of the Monitor

31. War in the East:

32. Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War”
September 17, 1862
23,000 casualties

33. IV. Emancipation Proclamation (9-22-1862)
1. Britain remains neutral
2. “My paramount objective in this struggle is to save the union, & is not either to save or destroy slavery”. – Abraham Lincoln
3. South used slaves to build forts, harvest food
4. On Jan.1, 1863 All Slaves in areas of rebellion are free!
a. gives war a moral purpose
b. conscription – blacks join Union Army

34. Emancipation in 1863

35. The Emancipation Proclamation

36. The Southern View of Emancipation

37. V. Social & Economic effects of the war
1. Blacks enlist in North in 1862 (54th Mass.)
a. by end 180,000 blacks fought (10% of union army)
slaves in south start to resist
Part of a greater cause now (not just the white man’s war)

38. 2. Women work to improve conditions
a. U.S. Sanitary commission = 3,000 nurses serve in union army
(Clara Barton)
Chance to gain more equality, rights
Heavy casualties & horrible living conditions for soldiers shocks Americans.
- No glorious war

39. 4. Economic effects a. North expands economy – war industry
b. North 1st income tax to pay for war
c. South hurting – losing plantations – food shortages

40. African-American Recruiting Poster

41. The Famous 54th Massachusetts

42. August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould Shaw

43. African-Americans in Civil War Battles

44. Black Troops Freeing Slaves

45. Extensive Legislation Passed Without the South in Congress
1861 – Morrill Tariff Act
1862 – Homestead Act
1862 – Legal Tender Act
1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863)
1863 – Pacific Railway Act
1863 – National Bank Act

46. The North Turns the Tide of War
I. The war continues
1. Dec. ’62 Lee beats Union at Fredericksburg, VA
2. May ’63 south wins at Chancellorsville, VA (Stonewall Jackson dies)
3. Lee goes on the offensive into Maryland and up into PA – Gen. Meade (union) follows north, they meet at Gettysburg, PA

47. The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

48. II. Gettysburg (three days in July)
1. July 1, 1863 Battle begins in morning when Confederates led by A.P. Hill attack North of town & confront John Buford and Union troops.
a. Buford holds despite being outnumbered, but by end of day Union pushed back into town.
b. At end of day reinforcements show up for both sides
90,000 Union troops under command of Gen. Meade
75,000 Confederate troops under Robert E. Lee

49. 2. July 2 1863 Confederates push Union out of Gettysburg & take control of town.
a. Union sets up defense south of town at Cemetery Ridge to Big Round Top (High Ground)
b. Union forms the “fish hook” defense (communication & quick reinforcement)
c. Attacks by south led by Gen. James Longstreet
Little Round Top (extreme left flank of union army)
Devil’s Den (slaughter pen/valley of death)
The Wheatfield (heaviest fighting of civil war)
The Peach Orchard (union army split in two, pushed back to Culp’s Hill)

50. 3. July 3, 1863 Union regains high ground at Culp’s Hill
a. Gen. Lee orders artillery barrage on center of Union lines on Cemetery Ridge for 2 hours
b. Around 3 PM 12,500 Confederate troops charge out of tree line at Seminary Ridge – Pickett’s Charge – All out frontal assault on center of Union lines
Union guns fire back & devastate Confederate lines = Union wins Battle of Gettysburg
Lee depressed, retreats to Virginia, never takes offensive again
3 day battle claims 23,000 union soldiers dead/wounded
28,000 confederates dead/wounded
approx. 51,000 = almost as many as Vietnam (58,000)

51. Gettysburg Casualties

52. III. U.S. Grant wins at Vicksburg, MS
1. surrounds city after Confederates refuse to surrender and orders artillery barrages for several hours a day
a. Confederate soldiers and towns people out of food and supplies = Vicksburg falls on July 4, 1863 (one of last Confed. Forts of Miss. R.)

53. The Gettysburg Address
2. Nov. ’63 Lincoln gives the Gettysburg cemetery in Gettysburg
2 minute speech
What was the main message of this ?

54. The War in the West, 1863:
Vicksburg

55. The North Initiates the Draft, 1863

56. Buy Your Way Out of Military Service

57. Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC

58. Recruiting Blacks in NYC

59. NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

60. NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

61. A “Pogrom” Against Blacks

62. IV. The Confederacy Wears Down
1. Gettysburg & Vicksburg cost south a lot of manpower.
low on shoes, food, uniforms, guns, ammo = just want to hold on now
southern morale low = troops leave to go back to farms

63. Inflation in the South

64. The Progress of War:

65. 2. Grant & Sherman wage “Total War” on south
a. fight not only armies and gov.’t, but civilians. Break their will to fight!
b. May to June 1864 Grant fights with Lee in Virginia – Grant nicknamed the “Butcher” cause he continuously attacks despite heavy casulties
c. Gen. Shermans’s March – destroyed every city on path through GA to Atlantic
Burns Atlanta, Savannah – frees slaves, they join
Turns North though SC into NC to help Grant finish Lee in VA

66. Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia, 1864

67. d. election of 1864 Lincoln beats George McClellan & John C
d. election of 1864 Lincoln beats George McClellan & John C. Fremont (He wins 55% of pop vote) e. Grant pushes from NW, Sherman from S – Jefferson Davis & Gov.’t flee Richmond and burn it down

68. 1864 Election
Pres. Lincoln (R)
George McClellan (D)

69. Presidential Election of 1864 Results
Candidate Party Electoral Votes Popular Votes Abraham Lincoln Republican 212 2,213,665 George B. McClellan Democratic 21 1,805,237

70. Election of 1864 Results

71. The Peace Movement: Copperheads
Clement Vallandigham

72. 1864 Copperhead Campaign Poster

73. Cartoon Lampoons Democratic Copperheads in 1864

74. The Final Virginia Campaign: 1864-1865

75. April 9, Appomattox Court House Lee & Grant meet to arrange Confederate surrender = Civil War over, ends without punishment to south

76. Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865

77. Casualties on Both Sides

78. Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

79. V. Costs of War 1. Union = 360,000 men dead
2. Confederacy = 260,000 dead

80. Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

81. The Assassin
John Wilkes Booth

82. The Assassination

83. WANTED~~!!

84. Now He Belongs to the Ages!

85. The Execution

86. h. Union and Reconstruction of South now in hands of southerner and former slave owner Andrew Johnson (VP)