1. The Progressive Movement
Progressives believed that new ways had to be discovered to bring about greater justice, equality, and security to American society

2. REASONS FOR PROGRESSIVE REFORMS:
1. Powerful monopolies restricting competition

3. 2. Labor unrest and violence

4. 3.Unhealthy and unsafe living and working conditions

5. 4. Large number of “new immigrants” crowded into cities

6. 5. Urban poverty, crime, congestion, and poor sanitation

7. 6. Fight political corruption on all levels of government!!!!

8. Party leaders pick candidates for state and local offices
Reform
Before the Reform
After the Reform
Primary
Party leaders pick candidates for state and local offices
Voters select party's candidates
Initiative
Only members of state legislatures can introduce bills
Voters can put bills before state legislatures
Referendum
Only legislators pass laws
Voters can vote on bills directly
Recall
Only courts or legislatures can remove corrupt officials
Voters can remove elected officials from office

9. *Regulations and just laws were necessary to bring about order and stability to the American society.

10. Development of Progressivism
(1) Grange Movement
(Plains / South Farmers)
(2) Populist Party (Democrats)
Farmers & Labor Unions
(3) Progressive Movement
1) Organizing Farmers Protest
The Grange Movement (regulations of RR’s) rates

11. Who were the progressives?
Like populists they wanted reforms, BUT while the populists were mostly farmers wanting to deal with mostly farming problems PROGRESSIVES tended be . . .
. . . WELL EDUCATED PROFESSIONALS-DOCTORS, LAWYERS, SOCIAL WORKERS, AND TEACHERS WITH A WIDE RANGE OF CONCERNS!

12. Populist Party (People’s party) farmers & Labor Union Groups
Printing of “Silver Coin” money
Bi-Metalism Debate (Gold v. Silver)
Cheap Money = Inflation
Government ownership of the railroads & telegraph companies
Graduated Income Tax
Certain groups PAY for Others
“From each, according to his ability; to each, according to his need” Karl Marx - Communist Manifesto

13. 2)Populist Party (People’s party) Silver v. Gold Debate
Printing of “Silver Coin” money
Cheap Money = Inflation
Higher prices for farmers
Government ownership of the railroads & telegraph companies
Graduated Income Tax (Marx)
progressive income tax
RICH should pay for others needs

14. GOAL is to Control Business!
PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT
GOAL is to Control Business!
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
Railroad Rates (FAIR)
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
Sherman Anti-Trust Law (1890)
Gov’t Regulation v. Gov’t Ownership
SOCIALIST – PROGRESSIVES
Government should OWN / CONTROL ALL of the nations resources
Eugene V. Debs (Socialist Party)

15. Populist Party TAKES OVER the Democratic Party
1896 Judge cartoon shows Populist Party presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan swallowing up the Democratic party.

16. The Origins of Progressivism
2) Women in the Work Force
Women Lead Reform
Women in Reform
Suffrage
3) Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Roosevelt’s Rise
Modern Presidency
Using Federal Power
Trust Busting
Strikes
RR Regulations
Health & Environment
Food & Drug Regulation
Conservation & Natural Resources
Roosevelt and Civil Rights
1) Origins of Progressives
*Four Goals of Progressives
Protect Social Welfare
Moral Improvement
Economic Reform
Efficiency
*Clean Up Local Gov’t
Reform Mayors
New Gov’t Forms
*Reform State Gov’t
Reform Governors
Child Labor
Working Hours
*Election Reform*
Initiative
Referendum
Recall
17th Amendment
4)TAFT
Taft as President
Stumbles
Tariff
Republican Party Splits
Problems
Bull Moose Party
Teddy Roosevelt
Democrats Win
5)WILSON
Financial Reforms
Anti-Trust
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
New Tax System
Federal Income Tax

17. PROGRESSIVE ERA Urban Problems (overcrowding) Social Problems
Housing, Transportation, Crime (police) , Water & Sanitation, Fire, Hospitals & other social services
Social Problems
Assimilation (New immigrants) working conditions, wages, living conditions, Racism, Political Machines, Political Corruption

18. Economic Wheel Hands OFF v. Hands ON BAD Slow Less Jobs
Less Opportunity
GOOD
Fast
More Jobs
More Opportunity
Hands OFF v. Hands ON

19. CAPITALISM - individuals own the means of production / Industries
(FREE ENTERPRISE – People Invent / Create)
Laissez-Faire (Social Darwinism)
NO Government regulation / interference
SOCIALISM - Government owns SOME of the LARGE industries –SOME government regulation
Belief that Capitalism: wrong, greedy, corrupt ONLY the Government can be trusted
COMMUNISM - Government owns ALL means of production (individual ownership is NOT ALLOWED
Government will regulate ALL businesses

20. The Progressives werePeople like. . .Jane Addams-Hull House

21. Margaret Sanger promoting birth control for women!

22. Jacob Riis who took pictures of the urban poor -published an article called How the Other Half Lives!

27. In addition, you had the muckrakers who investigated and exposed political- economic corruption and injustice!

28. Like Ida Tarbell who wrote about John D
Like Ida Tarbell who wrote about John D. Rockefeller’s monopoly in the oil industry!

30. Upton’s Sinclair explicit book about the meat industry which was so graphic it helped passed the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act

31. Frank Norris-The Octopus - about monopolistic practices in California and Lincoln Steffen-The Shame of the Cities

33. Progressive Era amendments were passed to help society!
16th amendment -granted Congress t a right to collect personal income tax . It was a progressive tax because it taxed larger incomes at a higher rate than lower ones!

34. 17th Amendment- Senators were to be directly elected by the people instead of state legislatures in previous years!

35. 18th amendment -banned the manufacture, sell, and transportation of alcoholic beverages! Brought by the temperance movement!

38. 19th Amendment -Women’s suffrage, women who were 21 could now legally vote in all states!
Started in the 1800’s by

39. Carrie Chapman Catt- head of National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)-started in 1890 by whom?

40. Later carried on in the 1900’s by ladies like and Alice Paul and Lucy Burns started in NAWSA but broke off to form their own organization

47. Labor laws such as the Clayton Antitrust Act that gave government more power to control business practices
Adamson Act set an eight-hour work day for workers on railroads and interstate commerce!

60. President Teddy Roosevelt-Progressive President 1901-1909

61. 3)Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Roosevelt’s Rise
Modern Presidency
Using Federal Power
Trust Busting
Strikes
RR Regulations
Health & Environment
Food & Drug Regulation
Conservation & Natural Resources
Roosevelt and Civil Rights

62. “Theodore Roosevelt Becomes Progressive Leader”
Roosevelt’s Personal History out-doors, conservationist, protecting natural resources (nature lover)
-Republican Governor (NY) V-Pres (McKinley- “assassinated 1901”)
Roosevelt’s SQUARE DEAL
Regulate Business (Trust Buster)
Conservation (National Resources)

64. Forced Arbitration Labor Crisis
United Mine Workers Strike
Forced Arbitration
Labor and Owners MUST DEAL FAIRLY with each other
Gov’t ARBRITRATION

65. The Coal Strike of 1902
Soon after Roosevelt took office, some 150,000 Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike for higher wages, shorter hours, and recognition of their union.
As winter neared, Roosevelt feared what might happen if the strike was not resolved, since Eastern cities depended upon Pennsylvania coal for heating.
Roosevelt urged mine owners and the striking workers to accept Arbitration, and though the workers accepted, the owners refused.
Winter drew closer, and Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines if the owners didn’t agree to arbitration, marking the first time the federal government had intervened in a strike to protect the interests of the public.
After a three-month investigation, the arbitrators decided to give the workers a shorter workday and higher pay but did not require the mining companies to recognize the union.
Satisfied, Roosevelt pronounced the compromise a “SQUARE DEAL.”

66. The Square Deal
The Square Deal became Roosevelt’s 1904 campaign slogan and the framework for his entire presidency.
He promised to “see that each is given a square deal, because he is entitled to no more and should receive no less.”
Roosevelt’s promise revealed his belief that the needs of workers, business, and consumers should be balanced.
Roosevelt’s square deal called for limiting the power of trusts, promoting public health and safety, and improving working conditions.
The popular president faced no opposition for the nomination in his party. In the general election Roosevelt easily defeated his Democratic opponent, Judge Alton Parker of New York.

67. Trust Buster Make corporations serve the public good
Sherman Anti-Trust Act

68. Regulating Big Business
Roosevelt believed big business was essential to the nation’s growth but also believed companies should behave responsibly.
He spent a great deal of attention on regulating corporations, determined that they should serve the public interest.
In 1901, when three tycoons joined their railroad companies together to eliminate competition, their company, the Northern Securities Company, dominated rail shipping from Chicago to the Northwest.
The following year, Roosevelt directed the U.S. attorney general to sue the company for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act, and the Court ruled that the monopoly did, in fact, violate the act and must be dissolved.
After this ruling, the Roosevelt administration launched a vigorous trust-busting campaign. Size didn’t matter; the administration went after bad trusts that sold inferior products, competed unfairly, or corrupted public officials.

69. Regulating the Railroads
Another way to ensure businesses competed fairly was through regulation.
Railroads often granted rebates to their best customers, which meant large corporations paid much less for shipping than small farmers or small businesses.
To alleviate this problem, Congress passed two acts.
The Elkins Act
Passed in 1903
Prohibited railroads from accepting rebates
Ensured that all customers paid the same rates for shipping their products
The Hepburn Act
Passed in 1906
Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), giving it the power to set maximum railroad rates
Gave the ICC power to regulate other companies engaged in interstate commerce

70. Regulating Transportation -Elkins Act of 1903 (R. R
Regulating Transportation Elkins Act of 1903 (R.R. rates & rebates) Hepburn Act of 1906 (ICC set R.R. rates)
Protecting Health (1906) Federal Meat Inspection Act Pure Food & Drug Act Misleading Labels (1911)
Conserving Natural Resources U.S. Forest Service million acres of forest from public sale mill. Of 2,500 water power sites over 50 Wildlife Preserves, national parks, -18 monuments

71. Unregulated Food and Drug Practices
Food producers used clever tricks to pass off tainted foods:
Dairies churned fresh milk into spoiled butter.
Poultry sellers added formaldehyde, which is used to embalm dead bodies, to old eggs to hide their smell.
Unwary customers bought the tainted food thinking it was healthy.
Drugs
Drug companies were also unconcerned for customer health:
Some sold medicines that didn’t work.
Some marketed nonprescription medicines containing narcotics.
Dr. James’ Soothing Syrup, intended to soothe babies’ teething pain, contained heroin.
Gowan’s Pneumonia Cure contained the addictive painkiller morphine.

72. Upton Sinclair and Meatpacking
Of all industries, meatpacking fell into the worst public disrepute.
The novelist Upton Sinclair exposed the wretched and unsanitary conditions at meatpacking plants in his novel The Jungle, igniting a firestorm of criticism aimed at meatpackers.
Roosevelt ordered Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson to investigate packing house conditions, and his report of gruesome practices shocked Congress into action.
In 1906 it enacted two groundbreaking consumer protection laws.
The Meat Inspection Act required federal government inspection of meat shipped across state lines.
The Pure Food and Drug Act outlawed food and drugs containing harmful ingredients, and required that containers carry ingredient labels.
Misleading Labels Court Case leads to further increases in standards on manufacturers

73. Regulating Transportation -Elkins Act of 1903 (R. R
Regulating Transportation Elkins Act of 1903 (R.R. rates & rebates) Hepburn Act of 1906 (ICC set R.R. rates)
Protecting Health (1906) Federal Meat Inspection Act Pure Food & Drug Act Misleading Labels (1911)
Conserving Natural Resources U.S. Forest Service million acres of forest from public sale mill. Of 2,500 water power sites over 50 Wildlife Preserves, national parks, -18 monuments

74. Environmental Conservation
In the late 1800s natural resources were used at an alarming rate, and foresting, plowing, polluting, and overgrazing were common.
Roosevelt’s Solution
The Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 reflected Roosevelt’s beliefs.
The law allowed federal government to create irrigation projects to make dry lands productive.
The projects would be funded from money raised by selling off public lands.
During Roosevelt’s presidency, 24 reclamation projects were launched.
Roosevelt’s Thoughts
Recognized that natural resources were limited and that government should regulate or manage resources
Disagreed with naturalist John Muir, who helped protect Yosemite Park and thought the entire wilderness should be preserved
Believed that conservation involved the active management of public land for varied uses: some preservation, some economical

75. Regulating Transportation -Elkins Act of 1903 (R. R
Regulating Transportation Elkins Act of 1903 (R.R. rates & rebates) Hepburn Act of 1906 (ICC set R.R. rates)
Protecting Health (1906) Federal Meat Inspection Act Pure Food & Drug Act Misleading Labels (1911)
Conserving Natural Resources U.S. Forest Service Created million acres of forest from public sale mill. Of 2,500 water power sites over 50 Wildlife Preserves, National Parks, -18 National Monuments

76. "the only President to
have served in all
Three Branches of the
Federal Government"
Progressivism
Under TAFT

77. Progressivism under Taft
President Roosevelt didn’t run for a third term, instead supporting William Howard Taft, a friend and advisor who, despite a more cautious view on reform, pledged loyalty to the Roosevelt program.
Upon his election, Taft worked to secure Roosevelt’s reforms rather than build upon them.
Taft worked to secure several reforms, such as creating a Labor Department to enforce labor laws and increasing national forest reserves.
Taft’s administration is also credited with the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment, which granted Congress the power to levy taxes based on individual income.
Progressives supported a nationwide income tax as a way to pay for government programs more fairly. During WILSON’S administration, the tax will be changed into a GRADUATED INCOME TAX (or Progressive Tax)

78. Trouble in Taft’s Presidency
President Taft lost the support of most of the Progressive Republicans, despite the reforms he helped secure, mostly because of the way in which he handle issues.
Tariff Trouble
In April 1909, Congress passed a bill on tariffs, or taxes charged on import and export goods.
The House passed a version that lowered tariffs on imports, but the Senate added so many amendments that it became a high-tariff bill instead.
Taft nevertheless signed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff into law.
Progressives were outraged because they saw tariff reduction as a way to lower consumer goods prices.
Conservation Trouble
1910: Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger let business leaders illegally buy millions of acres of protected public land in Alaska.
When Gifford Pinchot, head of the U.S. Forest Service, accused Ballinger, Taft fired Pinchot, not Ballinger.
Progressives thought this showed Taft was not committed to conservation, and Roosevelt refused to support Taft from that point on.

79. 1908 Election- picks William H. Taft
Issues ( Lower Tariff – Conservation ) cautious, hesitant to bring up issues to the public, “2 left feet”
Unsuccessful fighting for Lower Tariff Payne-Aldrich Tariff (compromise)
Carelessness over Natural Resources (Ballinger-Pinchot Affair)
16th Amendment – Income Tax
Later regulations set “how” taxes were done
Supported Unpopular Officials, and this will drive his popularity down even more
by 1910 (GOP - Republican) is Losing Power

80. Roosevelt - Again!!! -Returns in 1910 to “Huge Cheers”
Republican National Convention Showdown -Republican Nominee – TAFT or TEDDY
1912 ELECTION Republican Party “Split” over who to elect
Roosevelt forms (3rd) Bull Moose Party or Progressive Party
Results of the “Republican Party Split” Since the Civil War Republican Party was: -the party of new ideas - Progressives ( ideas went to Bull Moose Party ) Democrats have chance to win Presidency

81. Woodrow Wilson WINS Presidency Declares a “New Freedom”
“Attacking the Triple Wall of Privilege”
1) The Tariffs
2) The Banks
3) The Trusts

82. Woodrow Wilson WINS Presidency Declares a “New Freedom”
Tariff Reduction
New Taxes
Banking Reform
Anti-Trust Laws & Enforcement

83. Woodrow Wilson WINS Presidency Declares a “New Freedom”
1) TARIFF REDUCTION
Underwood Tariff
Federal Income Tax
Graduated Tax
Redistribute the Wealth

84. Wilson’s New Freedom
Wilson, former governor of New Jersey, was a zealous reformer who had fought political machines, approved of direct primaries, and enacted a compensation program for injured workers.
During his presidential campaign, Wilson proposed an ambitious plan of reform called the New Freedom, which called for 1)Tariff Reductions, 2) Banking Reform, and 3) Stronger Antitrust Legislation.
Wilson’s first priority as president was to lower tariffs, and he even appeared at a joint session of Congress to campaign for this, which no president had done since John Adams.
In October 1913, Congress passed the Underwood Tariff Act, which lowered taxes to their lowest level in 50 years.
Tariff reduction meant the government had less income, so to make up for it, the act also introduced a graduated income tax. 16th Amendment
This taxed people according to their income, and wealthy people paid more than poor or middle-class people. Some people will pay nothing and receive benefits that are paid for by other groups. (Taxing Success)
“From each according to his abilities, to each according to their needs” Karl Marx

85. Woodrow Wilson Declares a “New Freedom”
Federal Income Tax replaces a High Tariff Underwood Tariff (1913) Tariff dropped41% < 29%)
< $20, > $20,000 tax 2% > $100,000 tax 6%
The UNDERWOOD TARIFF and the Income Tax attached to it marked the beginning of a transformation from taxation based upon the need to consume (sales taxes) or equal responsibility (Flat Income Tax) to taxation based upon the ability to pay (Graduated Income Tax).
It also provided the vehicle for a rapid expansion of the federal government over the next thirty years.
Proponents advocated steeply progressive rates as a method of “Redistributing Wealth”. In the most extreme example, Representative Ira Copley proposed an income tax with a top marginal rate of 68 percent on incomes exceeding one million dollars. Others, such as Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin, proposed rates as high as 11 percent to reach what he called the “menace” of "great accumulation of wealth."

86. Woodrow Wilson WINS Presidency Declares a “New Freedom”
2) BANKING REFORM
Federal Reserve Act
Federal Reserve Board
12 Regional Banks to serve Banks
Loan money to banks
Set the Prime Rate of Interest

87. Banking Reform
President Wilson’s next target was the banking system.
At that time, banking failures were common, and banks collapsed when too many people withdrew their deposits at the same time.
People needed access to their money without fear of bank failure.
Wilson’s answer was the Federal Reserve Act, which created a central fund from which banks could borrow to prevent collapse during a financial panic.
The Act created a three-tier banking system.
At the top, the president- appointed Federal Reserve Board members ran the system.
2. On this level, 12 Federal Reserve banks served other banks instead of individuals.
3. On the last level, private banks served people and borrowed from the Federal Reserve as needed.
The Federal Reserve Act put the nation’s banking system under the supervision of the federal government for the first time.

88. Woodrow Wilson Declares a “New Freedom”
Banking System is Improved Federal Reserve System (8-12 regional banks-members)
Federal Reserve Board (supervise)
Federal Reserve Banks lend money
(prevent bank failure)
Set the PRIME RATE (Interest Rates on Loans)
Made money for available
New National Currency

89. Woodrow Wilson WINS Presidency Declares a “New Freedom”
3) Stronger ANTI-TRUST LAWS
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Extended Sherman Anti-Trust
Supported Labor Unions
Federal Trade Commission
Investigate & Prosecute

90. Stronger Antitrust Laws
Though Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 to limit the power of monopolies, lax enforcement and loopholes allowed many unfair business practices to go on.
Wilson had two solutions to these problems.
Clayton Antitrust Act
Clarified and extended the Sherman Antitrust Act
Prohibited companies from buying stock in competing companies in order to form a monopoly
Supported workers & Unions by making strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing legal for the first time *Unions Legal Monopoly
The FTC
The Federal Trade Commission, created by Congress in 1915 and supported by Wilson
Enforced antitrust laws and was tough on companies that used deceptive advertising
Could undertake special investigations of businesses

91. Woodrow Wilson Declares a “New Freedom”
Clayton Antitrust Act
Roosevelt attacked the “bad” Trusts
Wilson = ALL TRUSTS ARE BAD!
Clayton Antitrust Act
Clarified and extended the Sherman Antitrust Act
Prohibited companies from buying stock in competing companies in order to form a monopoly
Supported workers & Unions by making strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing legal for the first time *Unions Legal Monopoly

92. Woodrow Wilson Declares a “New Freedom”
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
The FTC
The Federal Trade Commission, created by Congress in 1915 and supported by Wilson (Watch Dog Agency)
Enforced antitrust laws and was tough on companies that used deceptive advertising
Could undertake special investigations of businesses

93. Clayton Antitrust Act Trusts are Brought into Line
Strengthens SHERMAN Anti-Trust Act
labor unions are legal and are not trusts
they are free from Anti-Trust Laws to create “monopoly” and exert power
Federal Trade Act (FTC)
“Watchdog Agency” power to investigate
19th Amendment
WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE

94. Woodrow Wilson-NEW FREEDOM-
Adamson Act
Child Labor Act
Federal Reserve Act
Federal Trade Commission Act
Ratification of 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments

95. Woodrow Wilson WINS Presidency Declares a “New Freedom”
CIVIL RIGHTS ISSUES
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. DuBois
NAACP
Jim Crow Laws
Women’s Suffrage

96. Progressivism and African Americans
Though the Progressive movement achieved much, African American rights were still extremely limited, as even Progressive presidents were shaky on supporting civil rights laws.
President Roosevelt
1901: Invited Booker T. Washington to the White House
Appointed an African American collector of tariffs in South Carolina
Discharged African American soldiers accused of going on a shooting spree in the Brownsville Incident, though it turned out later that they were wrongly accused
Woodrow Wilson
Opposed federal anti-lynching laws, saying the states should deal with it
Allowed cabinet members to segregate offices, which had been desegregated since Reconstruction
Let Congress pass a law making it a felony for black and whites to marry in Washington, D.C.

97. World of Jim Crow……………. Pattern of Segregation
Booker T Washington Tuskeegee Institute
W.E.B. Dubois - Harvard (Niagara Movement)
N.A.A.C.P. “the Nation”
NAACP fights inequality (Anti-Lynching laws - Segregation)
JIM CROW Laws/Segregation
Literacy Test /Poll Tax / G. Clause
Plessy v. Ferguson “Separate but Equal is Legal”
World of Jim Crow……………. Pattern of Segregation

99. PROGRESSIVES DID NOT RESPOND TO CIVIL RIGHTS OF AFRICAN AMERICANS
PROGRESSIVES DID NOT RESPOND TO CIVIL RIGHTS OF AFRICAN AMERICANS! SO AFRICAN AMERICANS AND OTHERS DID!
Ida B. Wells

100. N A C P

101. The Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire
In 1911, a gruesome disaster in New York inspired progressives to fight for safety in the workplace.
About 500 women worked for the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, a high-rise building sweatshop that made women’s blouses.
Just as they were ending their six-day workweek, a small fire broke out, which quickly spread to three floors.
Escape was nearly impossible, as doors were locked to prevent theft, the flimsy fire escape broke under pressure, and the fire was too high for fire truck ladders to reach.
More than 140 women and men died in the fire, marking a turning point for labor and reform movements.
With the efforts of Union organizer Rose Schneiderman and others, New York State passed the toughest fire-safety laws in the nation, as well as factory inspection and sanitation laws. New York laws became a model for workplace safety nationwide.

103. “Progress” made in problems
Local Level - attacked corruption (1) throw them out (2)make changes
New Forms of City Government
Commission of experts (Galveston,Texas)
Council-manager (Trained to run Department) Dayton, Ohio

104. Reforming Government City Government
Reforming government meant winning control of it:
Tom Johnson of Cleveland was a successful reform mayor who set new rules for police, released debtors from prison, and supported a fairer tax system.
Progressives promoted new government structures:
Texas set up a five-member committee to govern Galveston after a hurricane, and by 1918, 500 cities adopted this plan.
The city manager model had a professional administrator, not a politician, manage the government.
State Government
Progressive governor Robert La Follette created the Wisconsin Ideas, which wanted:
Direct primary elections; limited campaign spending
Commissions to regulate railroads and oversee transportation, civil service, and taxation
Other governors pushed for reform, but some were corrupt:
New York’s Charles Evan Hughes regulated insurance companies.
Mississippi’s James Vardaman exploited prejudice to gain power.

105. “Progress” made in problems
Reform Governors (Wisconsin)
Robert La Follette (attack Business)
Railroads
Social Legislation by many states
Child Labor Laws
1904 National Child Labor Committee
Keating-Owen Act of 1916 (Unconstitutional)
Limiting Work Hours
1908 Muller v. Oregon
Fire Safety Codes and Laws

106. MORAL IMPROVEMENT Temperance Crusade Grows into PROHIBITION
Carry Nation
1916 – 19 states pass Prohibition Laws
1917 – 18th Amendment
PROHIBITION