2. “Silence and indifference to the suffering of others, or to the infringement of civil rights in any society, can – however unintentionally – serve to perpetuate the problems.”

3. Germany was no longer a great superpower Germany had to adhere to the Versailles Treaty: Drastically reduce army Disarm Pay restitution fees The German people were not accepting of rules. German nationalism began to thrive.

4. National Socialist German Workers Party A right-wing political party, formed in 1919 of mostly unemployed German veterans of WWI Revived the hope of the public Ideology: Calls for the rejection of the Versailles Treaty Foreigners and foreign influence are to be rejected Jews are included in the foreigner rejection Jews and foreigners blamed for the problems in Germany. 1933: Nazi party assumed power in Germany and Hitler was appointed Chancellor How gained power: an atmosphere of fear, distrust, and suspicion led people to betray one another and the Nazi Party to gain acquiescence of social institutions Civil service Educational system Churches Judiciary Industry &Business

5. Specific event in the 20 th century: the state sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933-1945. Jews were the primary victims- six million were murdered; gypsies, the handicapped, and Poles were targeted for destruction or decimation for racial, ethnic, or national reasons. Millions more, including homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Soviet prisoners of war, and political dissidents, also suffered grievous oppression and death under Nazi tyranny.

6. Hitler served in the German army during WWI. He was a struggling artist for much of his life. His ability to engage a crowd during speeches propelled him to the forefront of the party. Hitler speaking

7. Jews were blamed for Germany’s defeat in WWI, economic issues, and the spread of communism Nazis believed Germans were racially superior, all others were a biological threat to the Aryan race Jews Roma (Gypsies) Handicapped Slavic (Poles, Russians, and others) Behavioral and Political: Communists, Socialists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Homosexuals, Freemasons

8. 1933-1939 The Germans moved to extend their power in central Europe, annexing Austria and destroying Czechoslavkia. Hitler convinced the cabinet to suspend individual freedoms; 3/23/33: Enabling Act gave Hitler dictator powers Jews were forced to quit civil service jobs, university& judicial/court positions; boycott of Jewish businesses Nuremberg Laws: Jews declared second-class citizens 1937-39: end of economic freedom 1938: physical attack on Synagogues, stores, and homes

10. Propaganda - information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc. Hitler and the Nazis used brilliantly Films, posters, radio Focused on problems in Germany caused by the Jews.

11. "Hitler is building. Help him. Buy German goods." Membership in the Hitler Youth had become mandatory in 1936.

12. "The Jew: The inciter of war, the prolonger of war." The movie, The Eternal Jew, was put out to display Jews as rat-like, old, and money grubbing.

13. Hitler appointed Joseph Goebbels as minister of propaganda. Created films to bolster Nazi accord. Goebbels's deeply rooted contempt for humanity, his urge to sow confusion, hatred and intoxication, his lust for power and his mastery of the techniques of mass persuasion were given full vent in the election campaigns of 1932, when he played a crucial role in bringing Hitler to the centre of the political stage. He was rewarded on 13 March 1933 with the position of Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, which gave him total control of the communications media - i.e. radio, press, publishing, cinema and the other arts.

14. Invasion of Poland and Soviet Union Kidnapping of “Aryan-looking” children Killing of institutionalized by gas chambers, and later lethal injection, pills, and forced starvation Creation of more killing sites, concentration camps, and slave labor camps

15. Entrance to Auschwitz

16. Poland contained massive Jewish population: 3.3 million. Less than 1% of Germany’s population was Jewish (600,000) Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Jews face incredible horrors.

17. Nazis force Jews to move into cramped, wretched neighborhoods called ghettoes. Families would share the same living space, which would be comfortable for two people.

18. Ghettoes provided slave labor for Nazi war machine Some ghettoes paid a menial wage (less than 25 cents a day). Some labor served no other purpose than dehumanization

19. Ghettoes cut off from regular supplies issued to neighboring populations Smugglers play big role in ghettoes Judenrat - Jewish council in charge of carrying out Nazi policy inside the ghetto Little children able to sneak around guards to get outside the ghetto walls

20. 113,000 Poles evacuated to make space for 400,000 Jews Conditions remained relatively normal at first, but quickly turned for the worse Poor sanitary conditions cause typhoid outbreak By April 1941, the mortality rate was 60,000 people per month. From 1942-1944 Germans wanted to rid of ghettos by sending residents to extermination camps

21. Nazis could not get rid of Jews fast enough Their plan to deport them to Africa was not realistic Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 German war with Soviets = perfect time to exterminate all Jews found Mobile killing units were set up, shooting all Jews and Gypsies in fields/ravines in the conquered cities Then established six extermination centers in Poland with gas chambers and crematoriums People were brought there from German-occupied western Europe and ghettos in eastern Europe

22. The separation. Right or Left.

23. Crematorium

24. Elie Wiesel at age 15, before entering the concentration camp

25. Male barracks. Elie Wiesel

27. There was resistance from within the camps, and some organized by others Danish resistance, rescued nearly the entire Jewish community of Denmark Raoul Wallenberg, Swedish diplomat U.S. government did not pursue a policy of rescue Focus on war Claimed “unaware” of extremity of issue until war 1944: War Refugee Board, Fort Ontario: port for refugees from territories liberated by the Allies

28. Nazis destroyed more than 7,000 Jewish-owned shops and businesses in Berlin. The Jews were held responsible for paying for the damage. description

29. Sobibor Death Camp

30. Allied forces approached German soil in late 1944 SS (Security Police) evacuated outlying camps and attempted to cover up evidence of genocide Prisoners deported to camps inside Germany Long journeys on foot: death marches All camps became extermination sites May 1945, Nazi Germany collapsed

31. Themes / Symbols / Motifs: Alienation Death Environment Faith (loss of) Fire Inhumanity Lies Missed Opportunities Non-Human Imagery Literary Devices: Foreshadowing Imagery Irony Metaphors Personification Similes Symbolism Night Parental Bonds Segregation Silence Tradition Weather

32. An autobiography is a sketch of the author ’ s entire life, often from birth up until the time of the writing. A memoir focuses on one aspect of the writer ’ s life. Memoirs usually cover a relatively short span of time, and their main purpose is to draw the reader ’ s attention to a specific theme or circumstance.

33. A biography is the story of a life from another person ’ s perspective. An essay is a short nonfiction work that addresses a specific subject. A speech is a talk or an address presented to an audience.

34. Autobiographical, memoir Focus on observation - describes an event that the writer witnessed firsthand. Elie Wiesel - Bearing Witness - invites us to listen, and to remember. “ Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. ”

35. Prewar European population: 9.5 million Most Jews lived in eastern Europe, primarily in the Soviet Union and Poland. The Nazi party came to power in Germany in 1933. The Germans moved to extend their power in central Europe, annexing Austria and destroying Czechoslavkia.

36. Germany invaded Poland in 1939, beginning World War II. Over the next two years, German forces conquered most of Europe. The Germans established ghettos in occupied eastern territories, isolating and persecuting the Jewish population.

37. Nazi anti-Jewish policy expanded with the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Mobile killing units murdered Jews, Roma (also called Gypsies), Soviet political commissars and others. The Germans and their collaborators deported Jews to extermination camps in occupied Poland.

38. At the largest extermination camp, Auschwitz- Birkenau, transports arrived almost daily from across Europe. By war ’ s end, almost six million Jews and millions of others had perished in the Holocaust. Postwar European Jewish Population, ca. 1950: 3.5 million

39. Holocaust Genocide Ghetto Prejudice Discrimination Kapo Los Gestapo Race Ethnicity Anti-Semitism Euphemism Fascism Death camp Concentration camp

40. Holocaust means “ complete destruction by fire. ” The term is now associated with the murder of more than six million Jewish people during World War II.

41. Genocide is a word that combines the Greek word “ genos ” (meaning race, people, or nation) and the ending “ cide ” (meaning to kill). Genocide refers to the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.

42. The confinement of Jews in a set-apart area of the city.

43. Prejudice comes from the word “ prejudge ” (pre-judge, or judge beforehand). A prejudice is a preconceived opinion or feeling formed without knowledge, thought or reason. Prejudices are often based on stereotypes.

44. Camp prisoner forced to oversee other prisoners.

45. German for “ Go on! ”

46. Hostility toward or discrimination against Jewish people.

47. A mild or vague term that is substituted for one that is harsh or offensive. “ To pass away ” is a euphemism for “ to die. ”

48. A system of government with centralized authority under a dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship and usually a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism.

49. Camps that were primarily used for slave labor Holding camps or Transit camps

50. “ The Fuhrer, ” dictator of Germany (Chancellor – 1933, President – 1934), a demagogue and tyrant who obtains power by appealing to the emotions and prejudices of the masses.

51. The Third Republic of Germany which began with Hitler ’ s rule in 1933 and ended with his defeat in 1945.

52. “ Schutz-Staffel ” (literally defense echelon), established in 1929 as Hitler ’ s blackshirted bodyguards. They became the elite guards of the Nazis trained in brutality and put in charge of concentration camps.

53. The secret police organized in 1933 to uncover and undermine political opposition. German acronym for the German Secret State Police Part of the SS Notorious for terrorism against enemies of the state.

54. The “ model ” concentration camp used to deceive the visiting International Red Cross. Many artists were imprisoned here and later killed.

55. The plan devised in 1941 to speed up the system of killing the Jews and “ undesirables. ” The previous method of shooting and burying the dead was too “ costly and inefficient. ” This final method used an efficient system of gas chambers and crematories to kill the Jews. Six of these death camps were built and often were kept working round the clock, killing thousands per day.

56. Term used when the SS forced prisoners to line up for inspection and decided which prisoners would live and which would be killed.