1. Academic and PAP Biology
Biomolecules
Academic and PAP Biology

2. Warm-Up Title: Biomolecules List the percentages of each:
Total Fats ____
Saturated Fats ____
Carbohydrates _______
Protein ____
Hypothesis How do they help your body?

3. Amoeba Sister: Biomolecules

4. So lets think about this….
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, found in food help make me along with nucleic acids!!!!
Bio-molecules make:
Organelles (tiny cell organs)
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ systes
Organsism

5. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Monomers – single unit
Polymers – many single units joined together
This is how polymers are formed and how polymers are bronken down into monomers
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

7. Biomolecules Carbohydrates: Lipids:
Aka: sugars – glucose, sucrose, fructose, etc
Function: Provide energy
Lipids:
Aka: fats – triglycerides, saturated/unsaturated
Function: Long-term energy, insulation

8. Biomolecules Proteins: Nucleic Acids: Aka: Amino acids –
Function: build muscle, bones, pretty much the body
Nucleic Acids:
Aka: DNA/RNA – your genetic code
Function: Instructions for your cell – the BIG BOSS

11. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms,
Ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

12. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Carbohydrates
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Source of Energy for cell function
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

13. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Carbohydrates
Different sizes of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides – single (1) sugar (glucose- C6H12O6, fructose) Disaccharides – double (2) sugar (sucrose-C12H22O11) Polysaccharides – many sugars (starch, glycogen, cellulose)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

14. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides: Starches and sugars - examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy.
Examples:
Cellulose - plants make it for cell walls
Starch - (long chain of glucose)
Glycogen – stored in humans
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Starches form when sugars join together in a long chain.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

15. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Proteins
macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Monomer: amino acids.
- Polymer: protein (polypeptide chain)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

16. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Proteins
Amino Acids: connected by peptide bonds
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

17. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Proteins
Function of Proteins
Instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA.
Amino
Acids
Proteins help to carry out chemical reactions, transport small molecules in and out of cells, and fight diseases. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids folded into complex structures.
Protein Molecule
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

18. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Proteins
Some functions of proteins:
Control rate of reactions – Enzymes
Used to form bones and muscles
Transport substances into or out of cells
Help to fight disease - antibodies
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

19. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

20. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
nucleotides – monomers of Nucleic Acids.
Monomer: nucleotides
Polymer: DNA or RNA
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

21. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides consist of three parts:
a 5-carbon sugar
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

22. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Lipids
Lipids
not soluble in water.
Common categories of lipids are:
fats
oils
waxes
steroids
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

23. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Lipids
Function of Lipids:
Used to store energy.
Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

24. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Lipids
glycerol
Fatty acid
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

25. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Triglyceride
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

26. Amoeba Sister: Enzymes
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

27. Enzymes: Are Proteins “Helper” Protein molecules

28. Nothing works without enzymes!
How important are enzymes?
all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work
building molecules
synthesis enzymes
breaking down molecules
digestive enzymes
enzymes speed up reactions
“catalysts”
enzyme +
enzyme
We can’t live without enzymes! +

29. Lowers Activation Energy
Enzymes
Lowers Activation Energy
A protein catalyst
Enzymes are important proteins found in living things. An enzyme is a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction.

30. LOCK AND KEY substrate product active site enzyme Enzyme
helper protein molecule
Substrate
molecule that enzymes work on
Products
what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction
Active site
part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into
LOCK AND KEY
substrate
product
active site
enzyme

31. What affects enzyme action
Correct protein structure
correct order of amino acids
why? enzyme has to be right shape
Temperature
pH (acids & bases)

32. Enzymes are proteins
Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction
each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job
enzymes are named for the reaction they help
sucrase breaks down sucrose
proteases breakdown proteins
lipases breakdown lipids
DNA polymerase builds DNA
Oh, I get it!
They end in -ase

33. For enzymes… What matters?
SHAPE!