1. Cell Theory All organisms are made of cells.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Cells are the structural and functional units of living things.

2. Cellular organization
Organisms can be unicellular (one cell) or multicellular (many cells).
Levels of organization:

3. How do we look at cells? Microscopes help us see cells.
Compound light microscopes will be used in class.
Know the parts and functions!
Ocular lens (eyepiece)
Stage
Objectives (4X, 10X, 40X)
Course adjustment knob
Fine adjustment knob
Total magnification is determined by multiplying the magnification power of the eyepiece x the magnification power of the objective.

4. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Ex. Plants and animals
Ex. Bacteria
Prokaryote:
Small (not complex)
No nucleus (place to hold DNA)
No membrane bound organelles (little compartments inside)
Cell wall
Eukaryote:
Large (complex)
Nucleus (place to hold DNA)
Membrane bound organelles (little compartments inside)
Animals – no cell wall
Plants – cell wall

5. Plant cell vs. animal cell
Unique parts:
Chloroplasts
Large central vacuole
Cell wall
Unique part: Centrioles

6. Cell parts – Cell wall Supports and protects the cell.
Plant cell wall made of cellulose (polysaccharide).
Fungi cell wall made of chitin (polysaccharide).
Bacteria cell wall made of peptidoglycan (polysaccharide and protein).
Who has a cell wall?

7. Cell parts - Nucleus Control center of the cell Holds the DNA.
Nucleolus makes ribosomes.
nuclear envelope
outer membrane
inner membrane
nucleolus
chromatin
nuclear pores
nucleoplasm
ER lumen
ribosome
endoplasmic reticulum
SEM of
freeze-fractured
nuclear envelope
Who has a nucleus?

8. Cell parts – Endomembrane system
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): transports proteins.
Golgi apparatus: packages and ships proteins.
rough ER
smooth ER
transport
vesicle
transport
vesicle
lysosomes
Golgi
apparatus
secretory
vesicle
incoming
vesicle
Who has an endomembrane system?

9. Cell parts - Ribsosome Ribosomes make proteins.
Located in the cytoplasm and attached to the rough ER.
Look like tiny dots in pictures.
Who has ribosomes?

10. Cell parts - Mitochondria
Mitochondria- makes energy (ATP) for the cell through a process called cellular respiration.
outer membrane
Why is the inner membrane folded?
double
membrane
inner membrane
carbon dioxide
water
energy (ATP)
glucose
oxygen
matrix
cristae
Who has mitochondria?

11. Cell parts - Chloroplast
Chloroplasts make sugar via photosynthesis.
outer membrane
double
membrane
inner membrane
granum
stroma
thylakoid
space
thylakoid
membrane
thylakoid
Who has chloroplasts?

12. Cell parts – Remember!
All cells have!
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes