1. Environmental Systems Infrastructure Security John H. Easton, Ph.D. Southern Methodist University

2. Vulnerable Environmental Systems Water supply system Wastewater collection/treatment system HVAC systems in buildings (indoor air)

3. Dual Use Military v. civilian Terrorism v. natural disasters

4. F&T of Contaminants in Water Distribution Systems Biological (e.g., bacteria, viruses, etc.) Chemical (nerve agents, toxins, etc.) Little known about their physical properties (F&T characteristics) –persistence in water distribution system. –Lab or field experiments designed to evaluate the F&T characteristics of select agents.

5. Lab/Field Experiments AgentSurrogate Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax )B. subtilus, B. cereus, B. globigii Variola major (Smallpox)Vaccinia virus Yersinia pestis (Plague)Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

6. F&T of Agents Released in or near Buildings Chem/bio agents released in gaseous or aerosol form in or near facilities. F&T based on building envelope and HVAC. Currently, evaluation of movement of air and airborne contaminants in or near buildings exists, but uniform methodology and integration of the results into overall facility planning are lacking. –Develop a uniform protocol for evaluating the integrity of critical infrastructure against bio- and chem-agent releases –Perform site-specific analysis of the F&T of contaminants in specific buildings –Train facility managers on how to incorporate bio- and chem-agent protection into contracting and construction activities

7. Modeling and Simulation for “What If” Analyses Use F&T properties  build or modify existing computer models to perform release simulations. –Distribution systems + assoc assets (drinking & ww) –“what if” simulations of attacks and disruptions of service.

8. Risk Assessment/Prioritization Use simulation results to prioritize the use of limited resources to critical areas. Apply risk assessment to drinking water (or ww) systems –quantify effects of various threats –tool for allocating resources, hi to lo priority Apply to any critical infrastructure –determine risk from airborne chem/bio agent releases –make decisions on the most effective use of resources to minimize risk.

9. Research Question Offshore Release of Bioterrorism Agent to Coastal Waters “What if?” Release from vessel a few miles out. Impacts: –Swimmers –Fish/shellfish consumers –Tourism

10. Bioterrorism Agents of Concern DiseaseAgentInfectious/Toxic Dose AnthraxBacillus anthracis5-10,000 spores (inhaled) BotulismClostridium Botulinum1 ng/kg PlagueYersinia pestis50-1,500 Smallpoxvariola major10-100 virons TularemiaFrancisella tularensis10-50

11. Human Health Assumptions: –Swimmer ingests 50 ml of water per outing. –90% decay or loss of infectivity. –Must contaminate water volume (1 sqmi by 50’ deep). –100% pure stock. Dump 1-200 gallons (depending upon ID used)

12. Simulation COASTMAP

13. National Economy 53% of Americans live in coastal counties. 100 million Americans make 2 billion annual visits to beaches. >75% of all U.S. domestic economic activity takes place in the coastal states. Beaches are our #1 tourist destination. 110 million U.S. households traveled over 50 miles to go to a beach (2003). 90% of foreign visitors to U.S. make a visit to our coast; in a recent year, 45.5 million international visitors spent $60 billion in the U.S.

14. Local Economies June-August 2000, estimated almost $600 million in spending on beach activities in Los Angeles and Orange counties, CA. This spending generated $203-$221 million in local income and 19-20,000 full and part-time jobs. Economic impacts of coastal recreation impacts in Monroe County (Florida Keys Sanctuary) include sales of $1.33 billion, income of $506 million, and 21,850 jobs. 2000-2001, reefs off the four-county area of SE Florida (Palm Beach, Broward, Miami-Dade, and Monroe counties) supported almost 28 million person-days of recreational diving, fishing and viewing activities, which generated about $4.4 billion in local sales, almost $2 billion in local income and 71,300 full and part-time jobs.

15. SMU Expertise Al Armendariz –Air pollution control engineering –Design of diesel exhaust emissions controls –Public health impact of air pollution John Easton –Fate and transport of environmental contaminants, including pathogenic microorganisms –Human and environmental health effects of endocrine disruptors –Stormwater pollution prevention and control –Environmental microbiology

16. Collaborators/Partnerships U.S. EPA and TCEQ City of Dallas NCTCOG Industry: ExxonMobil, TI, EDS, GM, TXI, etc.