1. The Effect of Arousal/Anxiety on Performance

2. Arousal: general physical/psychological activation – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBlu8StfXtM (Haka) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBlu8StfXtM Anxiety: negative emotional interpretation of arousal – 3 dimensions of anxiety Cognitive: worry, negative appraisal of self/future Somatic: physiological symptoms of stress State: tension, agitation, restlessness (physio/psycho) http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&v=v3einGGv wBo&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&v=v3einGGv wBo&NR=1

3. Yerkes-Dodson Law (1908) Yerkes-Dodson Law (1908) The inverted U Hypothesis All motor skills have an optimum arousal level – Performance drops when arousal level exceeds or fails to approach this level – Different activities, different optimal levels

4. Catastrophe Model (Fazey & Hardy, 1988) – When anxiety level exceeds the optimal level drop in performance is dramatic, not gradual – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3O-kYwM8qY (Quicksand) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3O-kYwM8qY – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOzUUhX9Qr 4 (Adam Scott) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOzUUhX9Qr 4

5. Optimal Arousal Theory Hanin (1997) – Top athletes have own, individual zone of optimal anxiety – When arousal level and cognitive anxiety level meet result is peak performance – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zuR9TJfW9vQ (Laettner) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zuR9TJfW9vQ

6. Role of Self Efficacy in Sport 4 Sources of Efficacy – 1. Enactive Mastery Experience: practice/games give athlete most info on their capabilities – 2. Observing Models: successful models increase efficacy – 3. Verbal Persuasion: coaches, teammates, fans, self all effect efficacy (Jay Bilas example) – 4. Interpretation of Arousal: dealing/coping with adversity improves with high self efficacy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPFOlXo7UPI

7. Research on Efficacy Fitzsimmons et al (1991): Self Efficacy Among Weightlifters – Procedure: single max bench press followed by lifts either with more or less weight—subjects were deceived about the actual weight – Results: subjects who were told the weight was less performed better (even if the weight was more), demonstration of increased confidence/efficacy