1. By: Mr. Kauffman & Mr. Lowe
Biochemistry
By: Mr. Kauffman
&
Mr. Lowe

2. Outline Organic Compounds Cell Parts Review Biochemical Reactions
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
Cellular Transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
5 Functions Necessary for Life

3. Organic Compounds All cells are made up of the same basic elements
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Oxygen (O)
Phosphorus (P)
Sulfur (S)
Those elements combine together to form different molecules
Example: Hydrogen + Oxygen = Water

4. Percentage in living things
Organic Compounds
Element Name
Percentage in living things
Oxygen
65.0 %
Carbon
18.5 %
Hydrogen
9.6 %
Nitrogen
3.3 %
Phosphorus
1.0 %
Sulfur

5. Organic Compounds 4 Important Molecules for Life Functions
Carbohydrates (Carbs)
Function – provides the cell with energy (sugars)
Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Example – Glucose, Sucrose, Fructose

6. Organic Compounds 4 Important Molecules for Life Functions
2. Lipids (Fats)
Function – storage of large amounts of energy for long term use (insulation)
Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus
Example – Fats and Oils

7. Organic Compounds 4 Important Molecules for Life Functions 3. Proteins
Function – makes up organs and muscles, growth, and repair
Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
Example – Red meats, Chicken, Fish, Eggs

8. Organic Compounds 4 Important Molecules for Life Functions
4. Nucleic Acids
Function – instructions for maintenance, growth, and reproduction of cell
Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Example – DNA

9. Cell Parts Review Nucleus – control center of the cell
Cell membrane – protective outer layer found in all cells
Cell wall – protective outer layer found only in plant cells
Mitochondria – produces energy for cells by breaking down food molecules
Chloroplast – produces energy for plant cells by converting sunlight into sugar

10. Biochemical Reactions
Biochemical Reactions: reactions that occur inside the cells of living things in order to produce energy necessary for life
All cells require energy to carry out the functions necessary for life
The energy that all cells use is in the form of sugars

11. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis: how plant cells are able to convert sunlight into sugar (energy source)
Happens only in plant cells
Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells
Contain chlorophyll (green pigment – coloring)

12. Photosynthesis Sunlight + Water + Carbon Dioxide = Sugar and Oxygen
Plants use some of the energy and store the rest as sugar
Sugar stored in the plant is food for the animals that eat plants
Oxygen produced is released into the air

13. Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration: process by which cells convert sugars into chemical energy
Happens in both plant and animal cells
Occurs in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells

14. Cellular Respiration
Sugar + Oxygen = Chemical Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Chemical energy produced is used to complete other cell functions
Growth, repair, cell division, transportation of materials, etc…
Chemical energy not used for cellular functions is released as heat
Carbon dioxide produced is released by the cell and exhaled into the air

15. Fermentation
Fermentation: energy production that occurs in cells without oxygen
An inefficient way to produce energy
Produces only a small amount of energy
Produces lactic acid (the burning you feel in muscles when running/exercising)

16. Cellular Transport
The human body needs to transport materials to the correct cells around the body
Cells need to be able to move these materials into and out of the cell

17. Circulatory System
Circulatory System: organ system responsible for transporting materials to various cells around the body
Consists of the heart, veins, and arteries
Delivers oxygen and nutrients (food) to the cells for energy production
Delivers carbon dioxide to cells in the lungs to be released during exhaling

18. Circulatory System

19. Cellular Transport
Cellular Transport: the movement of materials (water or nutrients) across the cell membrane either into or out of the cell
The cell membrane is selectively permeable
This means that certain materials are allowed to pass through the cell membrane while other materials are not

20. Cellular Transport
Some cellular transport requires energy (active transport) and some does not require energy (passive transport)
4 basic types of cellular transport
Diffusion (passive)
Osmosis (passive)
Endocytosis (active)
Exocytosis (active)

21. Diffusion
Diffusion: random movement of molecules across a cell membrane from an area of a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

22. Diffusion
Movement of molecules continues until the concentration of molecules is equal on each side of the cell membrane
This is known as equilibrium
Oxygen enters the cell via diffusion
Carbon dioxide leaves the cell via diffusion

23. Osmosis Osmosis: the diffusion of water across the cell membrane
Continues until equilibrium is reached
Concentration of water inside of the cell membrane is equal to the concentration of water outside of the cell membrane

24. Endocytosis
Endocytosis: process by which cells absorb materials by surrounding them with their cell membrane
Happens with materials that are too large to pass through the cell membrane
Outside of cell
Inside of cell

25. Exocytosis
Exocytosis: process by which cells release materials too large to normally pass through the cell membrane
Outside of cell
Inside of cell

26. 5 Functions Necessary for Life
Movement/locomotion
Ability to respond to environment
Stimulus and response
Cat hears the sound of the can opener (stimulus) and comes running for food (response)
Use energy
All cellular functions require energy
Growth and development
Grow in size
Develop new characteristics over their lives (ability to walk)
Ability to reproduce
Replace individuals who die