1. week 4: words Closed Classes the best way to deal with closed classes is by considering their function within the higher units all closed class words tend to occur at the beginning of the larger units of which they are parts closed class words are as markers of the units they introduce

2. Determiners (d) Determiners introduce Noun Phrase (NP), and function as Modifiers (M) Determiners are sometime obligatory in specific context such as singularity Example: *[(Dog) (bit) (man)] vs [(A dog) (bits) (a man)] Most common determiners are definite article (the) and indefinite article a/an the, a/an, this/that, these, thise, all, some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, one, several, enough, such, many, much, more, most, (a) few, fewer, fewest, (a) little, less, least, what, which, whatever, whichever, half

3. Pronouns (p) Pronouns are words which are in a sense 'dummy' Ns or NPs as they don't have an unspecific meaning There is a large overlap between determiners and pronouns (i.e. this, that, all, some). Example: [(This wine) (is) (very sweet)] vs [(This) (is) (a very sweet wine)] (some girls) vs (some of the girls) List of pronouns can be seen on p 51

4. Enumerators (e) cardinal numbers (one, two, three,.....) ordinal numbers (first, second, third,...) general ordinals (next, last, other, further,...)

5. Preposition (p) Prepositions introduce Prepositional Phrase (PP) expressing possession, place, time, etc (circumstances) Prepositions are always followed by Noun Phrases (NP) There is large overlap between prepositions and adverbs (especially adverbs of place and direction) Example: [(I) (looked) (up the chimney)] vs [(I) (looked) (up)] Prepositions can be seen on page 52

6. Conjunction (cj) Conjunctions are introductory linking words mostly introducing clauses rather than phrases Two kinds of conjunctions: subordinate (page 52) and coordinate (page 52) Another conjunction is Correlative Conjunctions - two conjunctions that occur together 1). subordinating such as if.... then, although...... yet, etc., and 2). coordinating such as both.... and, either.... or, neither... nor, etc.

7. Operator Verb (v) Modal Verbs: can, will, may, shall, could, would, might, should, must, ought to Primary Verbs (can be either full verb (V) or auxiliary (aux)) VoVsVedVingVen be,am,areiswas, werebeingbeen havehashadhavinghad dodoesdiddoingdone

8. Interjections (ij) Interjections are rather peripheral to language (primitive expressions of feeling) which loosely integrated into language system Interjections are such as swear words (damn, etc), greetings (hello) and other signalling words (goodbye, yes, no, okay, etc)

9. NOTES Prepositions, interjections and conjunctions are not included into structure of phrase. They are called as PARTICLE (little part) Example: [But gee (I) (am) (hungry)] Look at the tree diagram on page 54

10. EXERCISE Analyse the followings based on form and function relating to word class discussion! 1. It was a sunny day in Moscow. 2. The second carriage is for first class passengers. 3. Blue is my favorite color. 4. He has eaten all biscuits 5. She has been being interogated by a police 6. Damn, hi you must be Smith 7. A large crocodile is approacing a lonely little boy near a forest 8. It takes time