1. The American Colonies Emerge
Spain establishes an American empire, devastating native populations. England forces the Dutch from North America and establishes thirteen colonies.
Malinche, a slave fluent in Maya and Aztec, served as interpreter for the conqueror Hernando Cortés.
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2. Spain’s Empire in the Americas1
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Spain’s Empire in the Americas
The Spanish Claim a New Empire
Cortés Subdues the Aztec
• Conquistadors (conquerors)—Spanish explorers, seek gold, silver
• 1519 Hernándo Cortés leads army into Americas, claims land for Spain
• Aztec dominate region; Nahua people who resent Aztec join Cortés
• Montezuma thinks Cortés a god; gives him share of Aztec gold
• In 1520 Aztec rebel; in 1521 Spanish and their allies defeat Aztec
• Cortés founds Mexico City, New Spain colony on Tenochtitlán ruins
Map
Continued . . .
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3. European Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

4. The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortes
Montezuma II

5. Mexico Surrenders to Cortés

6. The First Spanish Conquests:
The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa

7. SPAIN CONTROLLED MOST OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA, MUCH OF THE CARIBBEAN, AND PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA. HOWEVER TERRITORY THAT LARGE WAS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL AND THEREFORE WAS OPEN TO ATTACK. OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAD SEEN THE RICHES BROUGHT BACK BY SPAIN AND WERE EAGER TO STAKE A CLAIM.

8. SLAVERY WAS AN OLD INSTITUTION
IT HAD BEEN PRACTICED FOR MANY CENTURIES IN MOST SOCIETIES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD
GENERALLY SLAVES WERE WAR PRISONERS, NON-BELIEVERS OF THE RELIGION OF THEIR CONQUERORS, AND POOR PEOPLE WHO INDENTURED THEMSELVES TO GET OUT OF DEBT
SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS DIFFERED IN THAT EARLIER FORMS OF SLAVERY WERE NOT PERMANENT, INVOLVING MULTIPLE GENERATIONS, DENYING EDUCATION, MARRIAGE, PARENTHOOD, AND DID NOT DEGRADE SLAVES TO SUB-HUMAN STATUS. IT ALSO HAD NOT BEEN PRIMARILY RACE-BASED.

9. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

10. AFRICANS WERE BROUGHT TO THE AMERICAS
EUROPEANS, IN THEIR PUSH FOR WEALTH, FORCED NATIVE AMERICANS TO WORK AS SLAVES IN MINES AND IN SUGAR CANE FIELDS
AS THE NATIVE POPULATION FLED AND DIED FROM DISEASES THE SPANIARDS LOOKED TO AFRICA AS A LABOR SOURCE
MOST OF THE AFRICANS WERE FROM THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA
SLAVES WERE TAKEN FIRST TO THE CARIBBEAN AND SOUTH AMERICA
EVENTUALLY SLAVERY WAS BROUGHT TO NORTH AMERICA
MAP OF THE REGION IN AFRICA WHERE MOST PEOPLE WERE TAKEN FROM
TALLY SHEET FROM AN ACTUAL CARGO OF SLAVES

11. Slave Ship

12. AFRICANS CRAMMED ONTO A SHIP FOR TRANSPORT TO BECOME SLAVES

13. African Captives Thrown Overboard

14. European Empires in the Americas

15. Chapter One: The Meeting of Cultures
Europe Looks Westward  
Northern Outposts
Missions and Presidios
St. Augustine
Pueblo Revolt of 1680
Pueblo Ruins in New Mexico (CORBIS / Royalty-Free)

16. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers
Conquistadores
Official European Colony!
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers

17. The Spanish Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves

18. Spanish Pattern of Conquest1
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continued The Spanish Claim a New Empire
Spanish Pattern of Conquest
• Spanish settlers mostly men, called peninsulares; marry native women
• Mestizo—person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
• Landlords use encomienda—force natives to farm, ranch, mine
• Priests object, encomienda abolished; Africans brought as slaves
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19. The Conquistadors Push North1
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The Conquistadors Push North
Other Countries Explore North America
• England, France, Netherlands sponsor voyages in 1500s and 1600s
Exploring Florida
• Juan Ponce de León discovers and names La Florida (1513)
• Pedro Menéndez de Avilés expels French, founds St. Augustine (1565)
Settling the Southwest
• In 1540, Francisco Vásquez de Coronado leads expedition to Southwest
• Pedro de Peralta, governor of New Mexico, Spain’s northern holdings
• He helps found Santa Fe (1609–1610); several missions built in area
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21. Resistance to the Spanish1
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Resistance to the Spanish
Conflict in New Mexico
• Priests convert many Native Americans, try to suppress their culture
• In 1670s Spanish force natives to pay tribute, do labor for missions
Popé’s Rebellion
• Pueblo religious leader Popé heads uprising in New Mexico (1680)
• Pueblo destroy Spanish churches, execute priests, force Spanish out
• Spanish armies regain area 14 years later
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22. An English Settlement at Jamestown2
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An English Settlement at Jamestown
English Settlers Struggle in North America
The Business of Colonization
• Joint-stock companies—investors fund colony, get profits
• In 1607, Virginia Company sends 150 people to found Jamestown
A Disastrous Start
• Colonists seek gold, suffer from disease and hunger
• John Smith forces colonists to farm; gets help from Powhatan people
• (1609) 600 colonists arrive; Powhatan destroy farms; “starving time”
Continued . . .
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23. English Colonization The Charter of the Virginia Company:
Guaranteed to colonists the same rights as Englishmen as if they had stayed in England.
This provision was incorporated into future colonists’ documents.
Colonists felt that, even in
the Americas, they had the
rights of Englishmen!

24. England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”
Late 1606  VA Co. sends out 3 ships
Spring 1607  land at mouth of Chesapeake Bay.
Attacked by Indians and move on.
May 24, 1607  about 100 colonists [all men] land at Jamestown, along banks of James River
Easily defended, but swarming with disease-causing mosquitoes.

25. Geographic/environmental problems??
Chesapeake Bay
Geographic/environmental problems??

26. Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

27. Jamestown Housing

28. Jamestown Settlement

29. Jamestown Chapel, 1611

30. The Jamestown Nightmare
 40 people died on the voyage to the New World.
1609  another ship from England lost its leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda.
Settlers died by the dozens!
“Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves.
Game in forests & fish in river uncaught.
Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting or farming.

31. Captain John Smith: The Right Man for the Job??
There was no talk…but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold…

32. Pocahontas “saves” Captain John Smith
A 1616 engraving

33. High Mortality Rates The “Starving Time”: 1607: 104 colonists
By spring, 1608: 38 survived
1609: 300 more immigrants
By spring, 1610: 60 survived
1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants
1624 population: 1,200
Adult life expectancy: 40 years
Death of children before age 5: 80%

34. Indentured Servitude Headright System: Indenture Contract:
Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid.
Indenture Contract:
5-7 years.
Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]
Forbidden to marry.
: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!

35. English Tobacco Label First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619.
Their status was not clear  perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.
Slavery not that important until the end of the 17c.

36. The Settlers Clash with Native Americans2
SECTION
The Settlers Clash with Native Americans
The English Pattern of Conquest
• English do not live or intermarry with Native Americans
The Settlers Battle Native Americans
• Continued hostilities between Powhatan and English after starving time
• 1614 marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe creates temporary peace
• Renewed fighting; king makes Virginia royal colony under his control
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37. Virginia’s gold and silver. -- John Rolfe, 1612
Tobacco Plant
Virginia’s gold and silver John Rolfe, 1612

38. Early Colonial Tobacco
1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.
1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.
1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.
1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

39. Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?

40. Chief Powhatan Powhatan Confederacy
Powhatan dominated a few dozen small tribes in the James River area when the English arrived.
The English called all Indians in the area Powhatans.
Powhatan probably saw the English as allies in his
struggles to control other
Indian tribes in the region.

41. Powhatan Confederacy

42. Powhatan Indian Village

43. Virginia House of Burgesses

44. Economic Differences Split Virginia2
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Economic Differences Split Virginia
Hostilities Develop
• Former indentured people settle frontier, cannot vote, pay high taxes
• Frontier settlers battle natives; tension between frontier, wealthy
• Governor refuses to give money to help frontier fight local natives
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Nathaniel Bacon raises army to fight natives on frontier (1676)
• Governor calls Bacon’s army illegal; Bacon sets fire to Jamestown
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45. Frustrated Freemen
Late 1600s  large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area.
Little access to land or women for marriage.
1670  The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men!

46. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 Governor William Berkeley
Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley
Rebels resented Berkeley’s close relations with Indians.
Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area.
Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements.
Nathaniel Bacon
Governor William Berkeley

47. Bacon’s Rebellion
Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites.
Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.
They burned the capital.
Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.
Bacon suddenly died of fever.
Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.

49. Puritan New England Puritans Create a “New England”3
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Puritan New England
Puritans Create a “New England”
Puritans and Pilgrims
• Puritans, religious group, want to purify Church of England
• Separatists, including Pilgrims, form independent congregations
• In 1620, Pilgrims flee to escape persecution, found Plymouth Colony
The Massachusetts Bay Company
• In 1630, joint-stock company founds Massachusetts Bay Colony
• John Winthrop is Puritan colony’s first governor
Continued . . .
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51. THE PILGRIMS, RELIGIOUS SEPARATISTS FROM THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND, SAILED ON THE MAYFLOWER AND LANDED AT PLYMOUTH ROCK IN MASSACHUSETTS IN 1620

52. The Mayflower 1620  a group of 102 people [half Separatists]
Negotiated with the Virginia Company to settle in its jurisdiction.
Non-Separatists included Captain Myles Standish.
Plymouth Bay way outside the domain of the Virginia Company.
Became squatters without legal right to land & specific authority to establish a govt.

53. The Mayflower Compact November 11, 1620

54. The Mayflower Compact November 11, 1620
Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship.
Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule.
Signed by 41 adult males.
Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

55. Importance of the Family3
SECTION
continued Puritans Create a “New England”
“City Upon a Hill”
• Puritan adult males vote for General Court; Court chooses governor
Church and State
• Civic officials are church members, have duty to do God’s will
Importance of the Family
• Puritans generally migrate as families
• Community makes sure family members behave in “God-fearing” way
Continued . . .
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56. Dissent in the Puritan Community3
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Dissent in the Puritan Community
The Founding of Providence
• Roger Williams—extreme Separatist minister with controversial views
• General Court orders his arrest; Williams flees
• In 1636 he founds colony of Providence
- negotiates for land with Narragansett tribe
- guarantees separation of church and state, religious freedom
Anne Hutchinson Banished
• Anne Hutchinson teaches church, ministers are unnecessary
• Hutchinson banished 1638; family, followers leave colony
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57. The Pequot Wars:
Pequots  very powerful tribe in CT river valley.
1637  Pequot War
Whites, with Narragansett Indian allies, attacked Pequot village on Mystic River.
Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors!
Pequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.

58. King Philip’s War ( }
Only hope for Native Americans to resist white settlers was to UNITE.
Metacom [King Philip to white settlers]
Massasoit’s son united Indians and staged coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New England.
Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.

59. King Philip’s War (1675-1676} The war ended in failure for the Indians
Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered.
His son and wife sold into slavery.
Never a serious threat in New England again!!

60. Population of the New England Colonies

61. Settlement of the Middle Colonies4
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Settlement of the Middle Colonies
The Dutch Found New Netherland
A Diverse Colony
• In 1621, the Dutch West India Company colonizes New Netherland
• Settlers from other European countries and Africa welcomed
• Dutch trade for furs with Native Americans
English Takeover
• In 1664, duke of York becomes proprietor (owner) of New Netherland
- renames colony New York
- later gives part of land to friends, names it New Jersey
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62. THE DUTCH COLONIZED THE AREA KNOWN AS NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY TODAY AROUND THEY CONTROLLED THE REGION UNTIL 1664 WHEN THEY LOST IT TO THE ENGLISH AS A RESULT OF WAR. KING CHARLES II GRANTED NEW YORK TO HIS BROTHER JAMES AND NEW JERSEY TO 2 NOBLEMEN WHO NAMED IT AFTER THE ISLE OF JERSEY IN THE ENGLISH CHANNEL.

63. New Amsterdam, 1664

64. Dutch Residue in New York Early 20c Dutch Revival Building in NYC.
New York City seal.
Names  Harlem, Brooklyn
Architecture  gambrel roof
Customs  Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating.

65. PENNSYLVANIA (PART OF WHICH LATER BECAME DELAWARE) WAS GRANTED TO WILLIAM PENN TO PAY A DEBT TO HIS FATHER
PENN WAS A QUAKER WHO BELIEVED IN PACIFISM AND HUMAN EQUALITY. HE ADVERTISED HEAVILY THROUGHOUT NORTHERN EUROPE AND ENDED UP WITH PEOPLE FROM VARIOUS RELIGIONS AND ETHNIC GROUPS.

66. Royal Land Grant to Penn

67. Penn & Native Americans
Bought [didn’t simply take] land from Indians.
Quakers went among the Indians unarmed.
BUT…….. non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA
Treated native peoples poorly.
This undermined the actions of the Quakers!

68. Penn’s Treaty with the Native Americans

69. The Quakers Settle Pennsylvania4
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The Quakers Settle Pennsylvania
Penn’s “Holy Experiment”
• In 1681, William Penn founds Pennsylvania on Quaker principles
• Quakers ideas: equality, cooperation, religious toleration, pacifism
• Pennsylvania meant to be a “holy experiment”
- adult males get 50 acres, right to vote
- representative assembly
- freedom of religion
Native American Relations
• Penn treats native people fairly; over 50 years without conflict
Continued . . .
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70. A Thriving Colony Thirteen Colonies 4
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continued The Quakers Settle Pennsylvania
A Thriving Colony
• Penn recruits immigrants; thousands of Germans go to Pennsylvania
• Quakers become minority; slavery is introduced
Thirteen Colonies
• Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, founds Maryland; has religious freedom
• James Ogelthorpe founds Georgia as haven for debtors
• By 1752, there are 13 British colonies in North America
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71. St Mary’s City (1634)

72. Colonization of Maryland

73. The Settlement of Maryland
A royal charter was granted to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, in 1632.
A proprietary colony created in 1634.
A healthier location than Jamestown.
Tobacco would be the main crop.
His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship.
Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.

74. MD Toleration Act, 1649