2. Managing Peace & Security

3. Lesson Objectives 1.What are some causes of international conflicts? 2.What are the solutions to international conflicts?

4. Causes of Conflict 1.Competing Territories 2. Scarce Resources 3. Ideological Differences

5. Do you remember why the countries are fighting over all these? To protect their national interest Do you remember what is national interest? Anything that affects the existence, independence, sovereignty, economic development and territorial control of a country

6. 1. Competing Territories Why is land so important to a country? National PrideAgriculture Defence Can you think of other reasons?

7. Case Study: Conflict over Border Suspects involved: India & China

8. Area fought over: Aksai Chin plateau “Chin's desert of white stones" NEFA (North East Frontier Agency )

9. Aksai Chin plateau

10. NEFA (North East Frontier Agency )

11. NEFA (North East Frontier Agency )

12. Himalayans

13. Background of the 2 territories -In 1947, India inherited the frontier drawn by the British when it gained independence from British -China protested and did not agree to it -It was difficult to draw a clear border between India and China because much of their frontier lies in the inaccessible Himalayans

14. Beginning of Conflict -In the late 1950s, China began to contest India’s presence in several places along the frontier and were unwilling to negotiate over the matter -1958, China announced it built a road (China National Highway 219) along the Aksai Chin plateau (connecting Tibet and Xinjiang) -India protested the construction, stating that China is violating territorial rights.

15. India says… “These lands are rightfully mine. The British handed it over to me when we gained independence. To me, the border of control is very clear.” “The boundary in these places are not fixed. Therefore, we can build what we want here! There is no land violation…” China says…

16. Conflict continues… 1959, fighting broke out between India and China in Aksai Chin and NEFA. China pushed forward and occupied even more territories which India regarded as its own. Give us back our land! This is rightfully ours. We will declare war! This land is not yours. Why should I return it to you?

17. In the end… -1962, war broke out between China and India. However, it did not last long. (20 Oct – 21 Nov) -In 2005, India and China signed an agreement, stating that they will approach the issue of border and land in a reasonable manner.

18. 2. Scarce Resources Question: Do all countries have the same amount of resources? NO If countries need resources for SURVIVAL, how far will they go to get it?

19. Case Study: Iceland & Britain Now, read pages 161 & 162 of your textbook.

20. What Happened? Problem: - In the 1970s, countries such as Germany and Britain were over fishing around Iceland which depended on the fishing industry for its survival Fish Stocks around Iceland decreased. Iceland economy is affected

21. Iceland approached the United Nations (UN) Allowed Iceland to extend its zone of control (protected fishing area) Other nations cannot fish there without Iceland’s permission. 1 st Solution… Did the story end there?…

22. Britain’s Response to the Solution Britain did not accept the new boundary and continued fishing. Iceland cut diplomatic ties with Britain 2 nd Solution: Terms of Agreement (valid for 6 months) - Britain allowed a maximum of 24 trawlers within Iceland’s new boundary at any one time - Britain allowed to catch a fixed amount of fish -Iceland’s patrol boats can inspect Britain’s trawlers

23. 3. Ideological Differences What are ideological differences? Differences based on beliefs and values. Countries following different ideologies can come into conflict when they think their ideologies are being threatened.

24. Case Study: North & South Korea VS

25. Fast Facts Currently, North Korea believes in Communism while South Korea believes in Democracy. Do you remember the differences between Communism & Democracy? Read pages 163 & 164 of your textbook.

26. Communism The community owns the major resources and means of production and allocates resources (pay, food) to everyone equally regardless of ability. The goal of such a system is to prevent any one person or group of people from becoming extremely rich or extremely poor. Democracy Major resources and means of production are owned by the rich and powerful. In this system, the harder a person works, the more money they will receive. People are awarded according to their ability.

27. -After WWII, Japan left Korea. (1945) -Korea was divided into 2 halves at the 38 th Parallel -Northern – USSR (Communist) -Southern – USA (Democratic) -UN called for single government for Korea (1947) History at a Glance… BUT

28. -USSR put in place a communist regime called the Democratic People’s Republic in the North. -USA helped the South form an independent Republic of Korea in the South. -1950, North Korea invaded the South, hoping to unite them under the banner of Communism -USA, their allies and the UN defended South Korea, not wanting communism to spread. -1951, China joined in the fight and pushed UN troops back to South Korea -1953, agreement to stop fighting and for a demilitarised zone was agreed upon.

29. Simple Summary of Korean War 1.Koreans freed from Japanese 2.North Korea (Communists, lead by Kim Il Sung) attacks Southern Korea 3.US + allies (European, South Korea) pushes up to China 4.US + allies pulled down from China 5.US + allies pushed to the centre of Korea 6.War ends with a ceasefire, Korea is bitterly separated + their people massacred 7.Another huge number of people dies because of patriotism, ideologies (Communist/Capitalist), and imperialism.

30. How do countries manage conflicts? Criticise each other openly Reduce trade as form of protest Seek help & support from regional & international organizations (Eg. UN) Start a war Display strength of military force through military exercises Cut dipomatic ties Protest through representatives

31. A Quick Recap War is often a last resort Search for peaceful resolution to the conflict would be top priority among nations 3 main causes of Conflicts in the World today: (1) Competing Territories (2) Scarce Resources (3) Ideological Differences