1. Prenatal Development Chapter 5 The Developing Child Priscilla Evans
DHS
TEKS: 1.A; 1.C; 1.D; 2.B

2. Outline 5-1: The Developing Baby 5-2: A Closer Look at Conception
5-3: Problems in Prenatal Development
5-4: Avoiding Dangers to the Baby

3. Section 5-1 Objectives
Distinguish among the three stages of pregnancy.
Describe the prenatal development during each stage of pregnancy.
Explain why changes affect a woman during each stage of pregnancy.

4. The Developing Baby Prenatal Development
a single cell grows and develops into a human being capable of life
Takes about 9 months

5. Conception Ovum – a female cell or egg
Released once a month by one of a woman’s ovaries
The egg moves through the Fallopian tube to the uterus, where the baby develops during pregnancy.
Journey takes about 2-3 days.

6. Conception
The egg meets, and is fertilized by a sperm, male cell.
Conception – when the ovum and sperm unite
and pregnancy begins!!

7. Conception Diagram

8. Conception
Fertilization can take place only 2-3 days after the ovum has been released.
Sperm can live up to 7 days.
There’s a period of about 10 days each month during which a female can become pregnant.

9. Baby’s Development
Three Stages:
Zygote
Embryo
Fetus

10. Period of the Zygote Zygote – fertilized egg Last about 2 weeks
Attaches itself to the lining of the uterus and draws nourishment from the mother.
Grows by cell division
The size of a pinhead

11. Period of the Embryo Second stage of pregnancy
3rd – 8th weeks of pregnancy
Grows rapidly
5 – 6 weeks

12. Period of the Embryo First Stage:
Mass of cells develop into major systems – heart, lungs, bones and muscle.
Internal organs unable to function.
Brain begins to take control of these body systems.

13. Period of the Embryo Second Stage:
A sac filled with fluid forms around the embryo.
Amniotic fluid – protects the developing baby
cushions it from falls or bumps

14. Period of the Embryo Third Stage: Placenta Tissue
Rich in blood vessels
Mother’s bloodstream carries food and oxygen here

15. Period of the Embryo Fourth Stage: Umbilical cord
Long tube that connects to the placenta
Carries food and oxygen
Provides nourishment
Takes away waste products

16. Period of the Fetus 8th/9th week – birth
4th-5th month – kicks and other movements touch the wall of the uterus
“Quickening” occurs
As the fetus grows, so does the amniotic fluid.

17. Period of the Fetus The uterus expands, and the abdomen grows.
Just before delivery, the amniotic fluid decreases.
Baby is in the fetal position.

18. Period of the Fetus
By 7th month, fetus is capable of living outside but not without a medical help.
The fetus gains weight rapidly.
Stores nutrients and builds immunity to diseases and infections.

19. Period of the Fetus It can do surprising things! Sucks its thumb Cough
Sneeze
Yawn
Kick
Hiccup
Cry

20. Preparing for Birth 9th month
“ Lightening” - the baby’s weight seems to shift down and the mother feels more comfortable in her upper abdomen.
the baby drops
might not occur until just before labor

21. Preparing for Birth
The fetus is upside down, the head is nestled in the mother’s pelvis.
The baby is less active
The mother’s skin and abdomen muscles stretch.
After weeks of preparation, the baby is ready to be born.

22. Section 5-2 Objectives
Describe how personal characteristics are inherited.
Explain the cause of multiple births.
Evaluate different possible solutions for infertility.

23. Each person inherits personal characteristics from his/her parents.
The Genetic Package
Each person inherits personal characteristics from his/her parents.

24. The Genetic Package
At conception, every human baby receives 46 chromosomes, tiny threadlike particles on the nucleus of every cell.
These chromosomes come in 23 pairs.

25. The Genetic Package
Each chromosome has thousands of genes, the units that determine the child’s inherited characteristics.
For ever inherited characteristic, a person receives two copies of one gene.
When both are the same, the child has that characteristic.

26. The Genetic Package
What happens if a person receives two different genes?
dominant – stronger gene
recessive – weaker gene, it will not be expressed

27. Making a Unique Person
Each sperm or egg cell contains a different combination of genes.
Personal traits are determined by the particular combinations of genes brought together at conception.

28. Making a Unique Person: Sex Chromosomes
X – egg cell/female
X or Y – sperm/male
XX = girl
XY = boy
So who determines the sex of a child?
THE FATHER!!

29. Multiple Births Identical began as one zygote always the same sex
have very similar characteristics

30. Multiple Births Fraternal
two eggs are released at the same time and each is fertilized.
they grow side by side in the uterus
may be opposite sexes

31. Multiple Births
When more than two babies are born, they may be identical or fraternal – or a combination.
It depends on whether one fertilized egg splits or more than one egg is fertilized at the same time.

32. Multiple Births In the U.S., about 2 ½ % of births are twins.
Fraternal twins occur 3 times more often than identical twins.
Multiple births are happening at a growing rate because people are getting treatments.

33. Infertility Infertility – inability to become pregnant
Couples may feel abnormal and/or alone.
Medical advances have helped many of these couples.
Surgery or medication may solve the problem.

34. Infertility
Fertility drugs stimulates a woman’s ovaries to release eggs.
Drawbacks
lung problems
abdominal pain
nausea
dizziness
multiple births

35. Options for Infertile Couples
Adoption
couple legally takes all responsibilities for raising a child already born
Artificial insemination
a doctor injects sperm into a woman’s uterus with a special needle

36. Options for Infertile Couples
In vitro fertilization
a woman has damaged Fallopian tubes
in a small glass, a doctor combines a mature egg from the woman and sperm from her husband
the doctor places the zygote in the woman’s uterus

37. Options for Infertile Couples
Ovum transfer
this procedure uses an egg taken from female donor and in vitro fertilization
it may used by women who lack ovaries or who has inherited disorders

38. Options for Infertile Couples
Surrogate mother
substitute
mother is a woman who becomes pregnant for another couple
she may carry a couple’s fertilized egg, removed from the mother

39. Options for Infertile Couples
Surrogate cont.
artificially inseminated w/ sperm from the husband
include legal arrangements and must meet state laws

40. Questions Raised Technology advances offer options
Not everyone thinks these alternatives are acceptable.
The use of ovum transfers/surrogate mothers is controversial.
Raises ethical questions.

41. Section 5-3 Identify some major birth defects.
Contrast miscarriage and stillbirth.
Identify some major birth defects.
Explain the 4 causes of birth defects.
Describe how birth defects can be diagnosed and prevented.

42. Losing a Baby
Miscarriage
baby dies before 20 weeks of pregnancy
Stillbirth
baby dies after 20 weeks of pregnancy

43. Losing a Baby As many as 20% of all pregnancies end in a miscarriage.
These loses can be severe shocks and bring pain.
Parents go through the same grief as does anyone who has had a family member die.
Most couples are able to have a successful pregnancy later.

44. Types of Birth Defects
Birth Defects – babies born with serious problems that threaten their health or ability to live.
About 3 out of every 100 children born in the U.S. have a birth defect.
Some can be mild or can be corrected.
Others result in severe lifelong disabilities or even death.

45. Not all birth defects are apparent.
Types of Birth Defects
Some birth defects affect the shape or size of the body or of certain parts of the body.
Not all birth defects are apparent.

46. Causes of Birth Defects
Scientist don’t yet understand the cause of about 60% of all birth defects.
They have found four main causes for birth defects.

47. Causes of Birth Defects: Environmental
Many choices the mother makes can affect the development of the baby:
The nutritional balance of her diet
Diseases/infections the mother has during pregnancy.
Harmful substances the mother takes in, including alcohol, tobacco, and drugs.

48. Causes of Birth Defects: Environmental
Some medicines that benefit the mother, but which can hurt the baby.
Exposure to outside hazards such as radiation, especially early pregnancy.

49. Causes of Birth Defects: Environmental
A father’s exposure to alcohol, drugs, and other substances can also affect the baby.
Sperm take three months to develop.
Alcohol , drugs, and tobacco affect the way the sperm forms; they produce changes in the chromosomes.

50. Causes of Birth Defects: Environmental
Cocaine has been found to adhere to the sperm and affect the baby from the moment of conception.
What responsibilities does a future father have?

51. Causes of Birth Defects: Heredity
1,000’s of genes make up a genetic blueprint.
For each person about 5 or 6 of the recessive genes are imperfect.
A single copy of these genes will have no effect on the development of the child.

52. Causes of Birth Defects: Heredity
Sometimes each parent passes on the same recessive defective gene.
Sometimes a defective gene is dominant.
In these cases, the baby may develop a birth defect.

53. Causes of Birth Defects: Heredity
Some inherited conditions affect only one sex.
Hemophilia – a condition that prevents the blood from clotting
Color blindness
Only affects MALES

54. Causes of Birth Defects: Errors in Chromosomes
A few types of birth defects are linked to a problem with the baby’s chromosomes.
There may be too many – or too few – chromosomes in each of the baby’s cells.
This is not a hereditary defect.

55. Causes of Birth Defects: Errors in Chromosomes
Down Syndrome
1in every 800 births
Risks increase if the mother is 35 or older
Child has an extra chromosome 21
- 29k -

56. Causes of Birth Defects: Interaction of Heredity & Environment
Researchers think that the interactions of heredity and environment is probably the cause for cleft lip, cleft plate, and spina bifida.

57. Prevention & Diagnosis of Birth Defects
Genetic Counseling
It does not tell people what to do; it only explains the options and risks
Family doctors can perform genetic counseling, but it is best provided by a specialist.
Genetic counselors are trained to understand genetic disorders.

58. Prevention & Diagnosis of Birth Defects: Genetic Counseling
Genetic counselors obtain a complete record of the family’s medical history.
Patient/family members may be given physical examinations.
When test/questionnaires are completed, the counselor can usually tell the couple whether genetic problems are present.

59. Prenatal Test
More than 100 kinds of birth defects can now be diagnosed.
Some test can alert the physician to a condition in the baby that must be treated before or immediately after birth.

60. Prenatal Test
Today doctors use three procedures to make prenatal diagnosis:
Ultrasound
Amniocentesis
Chorionic villi sampling

61. Prenatal Test: Ultrasound
Uses sound waves to make as video image of an unborn baby to check for specific health problems.
It show if the fetus is developing on schedule.
Can confirm the due date or that twins are present.

62. Prenatal Test: Amniocentesis
Is the process of withdrawing a sample of the amniotic fluid surrounding an unborn baby and testing that fluid for indications of specific birth defects or other health problems.

63. Prenatal Test: Amniocentesis
Most often used as a test for Down Syndrome when a mother is over the age of 35.
About 1:200 women who have had amniocentesis have a miscarriage.

64. Prenatal Test: Chorionic Villi Sampling
Tests for specific birth defects by sampling small amounts of tissue from the membrane that encases the fetus.
A doctor inserts a small tube through the vagina into the uterus.
Sample of tissues are snipped or suctioned off for analysis.

65. Prenatal Test: Chorionic Villi Sampling
Is used to test for the same disorders as amniocentesis.
The advantage is that it can be done earlier in a pregnancy.
Risks are much greater

66. Section 5-4 Objectives:
Identify the hazards that alcohol and other drugs pose to prenatal development.
Discuss other environmental hazards that pregnant women should avoid.

67. Alcohol:
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Includes physical and mental problems that results from a mother drinking alcohol while she is pregnant.

68. Other Drugs…
Medicines, including both those that doctors prescribe and over-the-counter types.
Caffeine, found in some foods and beverages.
Nicotine, found in tobacco.
Illegal drugs (i.e. LSD, heroin, ecstasy)
Inhalants

69. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
1:5 babies born with FAS dies soon after birth
Symptoms
Mentally retarded
Slow growth
Poor coordination
Heart defects

70. Symptoms…
The Visible Teen

71. Fetal Alcohol Effects
Less severe than FAS
Degree of damage to the child is usually directly related to the amount of alcohol the mother consumed during pregnancy.
There is not cure for FAS or FAE, only prevention – DON’T DRINK!!

72. DID You Know ?
Antibiotics
Prescribed to fight infections
Can discolor a baby’s permanent teeth
Affect its growth
Disturb its liver function

73. Prescription & Over-The-Counter
Aspirin, cold remedies and antihistamines can harm an unborn child.
1st Trimester – most critical
Drugs can cause mental retardation

74. Prescription & Over-The-Counter
3rd Trimester
Cause slow growth, infections, or bleeding at birth
Will still be in baby’s system at birth

75. Prescription & Over-The-Counter
Even common medicines that are sold in pharmacies and supermarkets may be unsafe for an unborn baby.
How can a pregnant woman be sure that a medicine is safe?
By checking with her doctor

76. Caffeine Widely found in beverages such as coffee, tea, and cocoa.
Caffeine is often not considered a drug – but it is!!
Large quantities have been associated with a variety of problems:
Increased risk of miscarriage
Low birth weight
Higher risks of infant deaths

77. Tobacco
Baby likely to be smaller than the average child
Premature birth
Linked to respiratory infections and allergies among children after birth

78. DID You Know ?
Smoking During Pregnancy
Baby’s birth weight is reduced by about ¼ lb. for every pack of cigarettes that a pregnant woman smokes each day.
Passive smoking has similar effects

79. Illegal Drugs
A mother who is addicted to a drug when pregnant usually passes her addiction on to her baby.
Addicted babies go through a period of withdrawal, as a result may die.
Children may experience long term effects (i.e. unable to follow simple instructions, unable to comprehend in classes)

80. X-Rays
Radiation may cause birth defects
Avoid unneeded X-rays before pregnancy.
Both men and women should request a abdominal shield during routine x-rays.

81. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Hepatitis B
AIDS
Genital herpes
Chlamydia
Can result in serious illness, deformity, or even death.

82. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Most doctors routinely check pregnant women for syphilis – mandatory in most states.
Treatment can cure syphilis and gonorrhea and can relieve the symptoms of herpes in adults.
No drug can cure the damage of the newborn that results from a delay in diagnosis and treatment.

83. Developing Healthy Habits for a Lifetime
Physical Health
Have regular check-ups
Eat balanced diet
Get regular exercise
Get plenty of sleep
Learn safety rules
Avoid harmful substances

84. Healthy Habits Emotional Health List your accomplishments
Use positive “self-talk”
Handle your emotions
Social Health
Spend time with your family
Be a good friend
Play an active part in your community

85. Following Up…
What are effective ways of handling negative emotions?
How can adopting these habits help make a person ready to be a parent?
How can learning good time management skills now prepare you for the future?

86. Help This Unborn Child * answers will vary
#1 – Dyanne should stop smoking while she’s pregnant. Smoking causes problems like low birth weight. She should not drink alcohol during the pregnancy because that can lead to birth defects.

87. Help This Unborn Child
#2 – Should not take the vitamins, nose drops, or aspirin w/o getting her doctor’s approval. Any of those substances might be harmful to the baby.

88. Help This Unborn Child
#3 – Researches agree that there is no known safe level of caffeine, so Elaine should stop drinking coffee during her pregnancy. The chocolate in the brownies have caffeine as well. She’d be better off finding a different treat. Since she is pregnant, she should not have had x-rays at the dentist’s office.

89. Help This Unborn Child
#4 – The amphetamines could easily harm the baby. She should not skip meals either.