1. Dannelly's Short History of Computing CSCI327 Social Implications of Computing

2. In the beginning… Pascal created a calculator in 1652 able to add and subtract  A = A + B photos from en.wikipedia.org

3. Charles Babbage (1791-1871) Math Tables Problem Difference Engine and Analytical Engines  Abilities add subtract loop conditional branch etc…  instructions on punched cards  data cards and instructions were separated

4. Harvard Mark 1 mechanical completed in 1943 used to compute artillery tables instructions on paper tape storage = 72 registers

5. Digital Electronics 101 circuits are a series of "gates" gates can perform AND, OR, NOT, etc Example - Half Adder: AND XOR Apple's iPad uses the A4 system chip with 177 million transistors

6. First Generation based on vacuum tubes ENIAC  1946 - Univ of Pennsylvania  base 10, not binary  programmed via wires EDVAC  based on ENIAC  program stored in memory UNIVAC  1951  first commercial machine  46 were made

7. Rear Admiral Grace Hopper 1906 - 1992 Harvard Mark II  "bug in the program" UNIVAC  wrote first compiler influenced COBOL  programming languages should be closer to English than machine code http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_hopper

8. Second Generation based on transistors 1955-1964 FORTRAN and COBOL IO Processors overlapping the fetch and execute cycles 1947 - Bell Labs Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley Noble Prize in 1956

9. Second Generation… This IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit held 2.8 MB of data. Lease = $2100 per month The IBM 1401 Mainframe leased for about $2500 per month in 1960.

10. Third Generation based on Integrated Circuits mainframes and minicomputers  IBM 360 1964 equally suited for business or science 3 ALUs - fixed-point, decimal, floating-point 16 32-bit general registers from 8K to 8M of memory

11. Fourth Generation based on VLSI  hundreds of thousands of semiconductors per chip microcomputers  IBM PC released in 1981 www.cs.indiana.edu http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/IBM_PC_5150.jpg

13. Fifth Generation massively parallel computers  supercomputers still not in everyone's home Possible Revision of "5 th Generation"  maybe it was the internet-ization of every device  maybe it was mobile-ization of every device, thanks to Lithium-Ion batteries allowing smaller devices

14. Moore's Law http://pointsandfigures.com/2015/04/18/moores-law/ computing power doubles every two years

15. Possible Future : Quantum Computing Classical Mechanics  an object in motion stays in motion blah blah Quantum Mechanics  a particle can be in two places at once  two particles can be "entangled" regardless of distance or time  there are parallel universes Quantum Computer  based on Qubits  can be 1, or 0, or 1 and 0 at the same time  computational complexity is no longer relevant  data transfer would be instant  very good at decoding encrypted messages

16. Stages of a New Technology becoming Viable 1.Critical Price 2.Critical Mass 3.Displacement of Another Technology 4.Nearly Free Example : Voice Over IP 1.high speed internet connection cost less $ 2.over 20% of households get high speed 3.international calls made over internet 4.talking to someone in India nearly free via Skype http://www.ted.com/talks/chris_anderson_of_wired_on_tech_s_long_tail.html

17. The Internet ARPANET  started in 1967  fault tolerant  packet-switched 1973 - TCP/IP enables a network of networks 1977 - email application 1984 - DNS introduced with 1000 nodes 1991 - first web server 1998 - birth of Google Inc.  http://www.domaintools.com/internet-statistics/ http://www.domaintools.com/internet-statistics/ http://www.bsdg.org/Jim/Peer2Peer/Paper/3214_Internet.png

18. E-Commerce Third quarter 2015 retail e-commerce was $87.5 Billion.  7.4% of total retail sales. Q3 2015 retail e-commerce was 15.1% higher than Q3 2014.  Total retail sales increased 1.6% in same period. http://www.census.gov/retail/mrts/www/data/pdf/ec_current.pdf

19. Google Revenue by Source

20. Past Trends and the Future

21. Next Class... Intro to Ethics  "morality" / "ethics"  relativism / utilitarianism