1. Europeans Crossing the Atlantic Massachusetts Bay Colony, Virginia and North American Settlement

2. Context 1492: Columbian Encounter 1519: Spanish Conquest of Aztecs 1533: Spanish Conquest of Incans 1580s: Founding of Roanoke (colony did not survive) 1607: Founding of Virginia (Jamestown) 1620: Founding of Plymouth Colony (current Massachusetts)

3. Context, continued 1626: Founding of New Amsterdam (Dutch), later New York, 1664 (English) 1630: Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony (Boston) 1663: Carolina Colony Founded 1681: Pennsylvania Founded

4. Models of Development Massachusetts Bay –Family migrations –Religious consensus –Village or Town settlement structure –Community centered governance –***NOT DEMOCRATIC*** Virginia –“Adventurer” migration in search of riches –Men predominated in colony –A volatile mixture of rich and poor men –Little interest in permanent settlement or civic activity –***NOT DEMOCRATIC***

5. Leaders: John Winthrop and John Smith Winthrop: Massachusetts Smith: Virginia

6. John Winthrop (1587-1649) Governor of Massachusetts Bay colony for most of its first twenty years. “Middle Class” background in England. Devout Puritan Goal was to build a "City on a Hill" as a model for world. Arrived in the summer of 1630, with eleven vessels, more than 1,000 passengers. 20,000 more migrated in next decade.

7. John Smith (1580-1631) Long career as adventurer, writer, and publicist. Saw military action in France, the Mediterranean, Hungary 1602: Captured and sold as a slave to a Turk, escaped, returned to England, ca 1604 1607: Landed with colonists in Virginia, became governor 1609: Returned to England, never to return to Virginia Spent his remaining life promoting the colonies.

8. Models of Development Massachusetts Bay –Family migrations –Religious consensus –Village or Town settlement structure –Community centered governance –Modest economic growth based on family farms and trading Virginia –“Adventurer” migration in search of riches –Cash crop: tobacco –Plantation agriculture requiring a great deal of unfree labor – “servants” – Christian or African –Evolved into a slave economy in the late 17 th century

9. Massachusetts

12. Sudbury, Massachusetts

13. Medieval Manor Similar land use initially colonial New England “Open Field” system

14. Watertown, Massachusetts

15. Plymouth Plantation, MA

16. Plymouth, MA cottage

17. Peasant House: Medieval Europe

18. Plymouth, MA Cottage and Medieval Peasant House Compared

19. Dedham, MA

20. Dutch Colonial, NY

21. Massachusetts Salt Box

22. Virginia and the South: Plantation Agriculture

23. Smith’s Map of Virginia

24. Mt. Vernon, Virginia

25. South Carolina Plantation

27. Mount Vernon, VA

28. Slave Quarters “Street”

29. Mt Vernon Slave Cabin: Restored

30. Plymouth, MA cottage

31. Dedham, MA

32. Dutch Colonial, NY

33. Massachusetts Salt Box

34. Population Growth of the 13 Colonies 1630: 4,600 1650: 50,000 1700: 250,000 1750: 1,170,000 1780: 2,780,000 1790: 3,900,000

35. American Revolution Seven Years War (French and Indian Wars): 1756-1763 Challenge to British Rule: 1763…. Declaration of Independence: 1776 War for Independence: 1776-1783 U.S. Constitution: 1787 National Government convened: 1789.

36. American Revolution Based on the notions of “liberty”…”freedom” … “equality”… ????

37. Virginia, Massachusetts, South Carolina, 1630-1780 Virginia: 2,500 to 538,000 Massachusetts: 500 to 268,627 South Carolina: 0 to 180,000 Percent African American in 1780: –Virginia: 41% –Massachusetts: 1.8% –South Carolina: 54%

38. Atlantic Slave Trade and Colonial U.S Trade flourished from 15 th to 19 th Centuries. 10 million Africans transported to New World Proportion of the trade to British North American colonies: ~ 4%. Slave trade banned in U.S. in 1808. Abolition of Slavery: 1865.

41. Peculiarities of US Slave System Only New World Slave system sustained by “natural increase” rather than continued importation. –400,000 “imports.” –4,000,000 slaves freed in 1865 One of the last slave economies to end –U.S. Civil War –Last nation: Brazil (1888).

42. Peasant House