1. How to Get Started with the paper… American Literature

2. Start with a 3 part thesis… For your topic, brainstorm 3 things you would like to discuss. For your topic, brainstorm 3 things you would like to discuss. Example: Example: Mrs. Tucker’s American Dream is to marry Brad Pitt, work for a weather station, and see her niece and nephew graduate college. Mrs. Tucker’s American Dream is to marry Brad Pitt, work for a weather station, and see her niece and nephew graduate college. Make sure you incorporate the main element of your topic: sacrifice, definition of the American Dream, or obstacles. Use the organizer to help you. Make sure you incorporate the main element of your topic: sacrifice, definition of the American Dream, or obstacles. Use the organizer to help you.

3. Once you have your topic, you need to find articles to include for extra support… Go to MackinVIA (Cobb digital Library) Go to MackinVIA (Cobb digital Library) Type in your ID # and the password “read” Type in your ID # and the password “read” Type in GALE in to the search engine. Type in GALE in to the search engine. Go to Opposing Viewpoints or Literature Resource or Student Resources in Context Go to Opposing Viewpoints or Literature Resource or Student Resources in Context Type in The American Dream Type in The American Dream Choose an article Choose an article www.MackinVIA.com www.MackinVIA.com www.MackinVIA.com

4. The Lead-in… Integration of Quoted Material Integration of Quoted Material Always use correct lead-ins for direct quotes Always use correct lead-ins for direct quotes Never drop a quotation into a sentence or a paragraph without proper lead-in. Never drop a quotation into a sentence or a paragraph without proper lead-in.

5. Do this: Agee points out that “many teachers believe rules stifle spontaneity,” resulting in a de- emphasis in the instruction of grammar in the modern classroom (10). Never Do This: There has been a de-emphasis of grammar instruction in the modern classroom. “Many teachers believe rules stifle spontaneity” (Agee 10).

6. Styles of Lead-ins Somebody says Somebody says Punctuate as dialogue Punctuate as dialogue Quote must be a complete sentence Quote must be a complete sentence Use a comma Use a comma Vary synonyms for “says” Vary synonyms for “says”

7. Somebody Says Jane Agee comments, “Many students who would not have attempted college seven years ago are now coming into state universities through junior colleges” (10). Jane Agee comments, “Many students who would not have attempted college seven years ago are now coming into state universities through junior colleges” (10).

8. Types of Lead-ins continued Sentence: Sentence: Make sure both are complete, correct sentences Make sure both are complete, correct sentences Begin quote with a capital letter Begin quote with a capital letter Use a colon to separate Use a colon to separate

9. Sentence: Agee insists that English instruction on the college level will not improve until educators become realistic: “Public school teachers need to sit down and evaluate the situation” (12). Agee insists that English instruction on the college level will not improve until educators become realistic: “Public school teachers need to sit down and evaluate the situation” (12).

10. Types of Lead-ins continued Blended Blended Make the quotation a grammatical part of your sentence Make the quotation a grammatical part of your sentence Do not use a comma or capital letter unless it would be called for by the structure of the sentence Do not use a comma or capital letter unless it would be called for by the structure of the sentence Do not use ellipses at the beginning or end Do not use ellipses at the beginning or end

11. Blended State universities are now providing “special remedial programs” in which students who do not meet the “entrance requirements are admitted on probation” (Agee 13). State universities are now providing “special remedial programs” in which students who do not meet the “entrance requirements are admitted on probation” (Agee 13).

12. Note: Do not use the author’s name as a possessive and then make reference with a personal pronoun. Do this: In The Grapes of Wrath Steinbeck comments, “There grew up governments in the world, with leaders, with elders” (269). Never do this: In Steinbeck’s novel, he says, “There grew up governments in the world, with leaders, with elders” (269).

13. Practice Using a quote from a book (any book, but not dialogue) write three lead ins using: Using a quote from a book (any book, but not dialogue) write three lead ins using: Somebody says Somebody says Sentence Sentence Blended Blended Compare with partner Compare with partner Share with class Share with class

14. For your paper… Each kind of lead in needs to be evident AT LEAST once… Each kind of lead in needs to be evident AT LEAST once… Said Said Sentence Sentence Blended Blended

15. Parenthetic Documentation Material taken from an outside source is referenced in parentheses in the text of the paper. These references are called parenthetical documentation. • Whenever paraphrasing or quoting, identify in parentheses the author and page number(s) of the source (if book).

16. Example 1: This comedy has been highly acclaimed by literary critics: “Twelfth Night is the most nearly perfect festive comedy that Shakespeare wrote” (Schwartz 509).

17. • If no author or editor is given, use the title and page number(s). Example 2: Twelfth Night has more playfulness than any other of Shakespeare’s comedies (“Analyzing Humorous Plays” 6).

18. Punctuation Reminders • Place commas and periods inside quotation marks. • Place semicolons and colons outside quotation marks. • Place question marks and exclamation marks inside quotation marks when they are part of the quote; place them outside the quotation marks if they are part of your sentence. •

19. The author’s name MUST be either in the lead-in or in the parenthetical documentation, but never in both.

20. Schwartz contends, “Twelfth Night is the most nearly perfect festive comedy that Shakespeare wrote” (509). or One critic contends that “Twelfth Night is the most nearly perfect festive comedy that Shakespeare wrote” (Schwartz 509).

21. Guidelines 1. Use parenthetical documentation to lead the reader to the exact page cited. 2. Match exactly the documented sources in the research paper to the sources listed on the Works Cited page. 3. Place the parenthetical documentation as close as possible to the information it documents, usually at the end of a sentence.

22. 4. Place parenthetical documentation before the comma or period. 5. Use transitional expressions to link several paraphrased sentences from the same source so the flow of the paragraph is not interrupted by excessive parenthetical documentation. 6. Place the parenthetical documentation between the closing quotation marks and the end punctuation if a direct quotation occurs at the end of a sentence.

23. Example: G. K. Hunter regards “the song as an extended comment on the central ideas of the play” (100). Note: For three-digit page numbers in parenthetical documentation, give only the last two digits of the second number unless more are necessary, for example 210-11 or 395-401.

24. Practice (lead in and parenthetic) PageAuthorQuote PageAuthorQuote 170Homer RiceLeadership itself is a worthy subject of study. 170Homer RiceLeadership itself is a worthy subject of study. 205Bill CurryOur inner computer can be programmed for positive or negative. 205Bill CurryOur inner computer can be programmed for positive or negative. 17Grant TeaffA true positive leader brings people together for a common goal. 17Grant TeaffA true positive leader brings people together for a common goal.

25. Block Quotations: Sometimes the author says it better than you can. If you have a quote that is more that 4 lines after it is typed, you need to create a block quote. Block quotes: Sometimes the author says it better than you can. If you have a quote that is more that 4 lines after it is typed, you need to create a block quote. Block quotes: Every line is indented Every line is indented They DO NOT have quotation marks around them They DO NOT have quotation marks around them The period comes before the parenthetical citation, not after. The period comes before the parenthetical citation, not after.

26. Block Quotations: Example: Example: Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration: They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)

27. Your research paper: One of your quotes needs to be a block quote. You only need 1. If there is not enough room on the outline, please indicate which quote you intend to block. One of your quotes needs to be a block quote. You only need 1. If there is not enough room on the outline, please indicate which quote you intend to block.

28. Reminder… Quotes from Novella Quotes from Novella Quotes from Critical Viewpoints (TBD) Quotes from Critical Viewpoints (TBD) Quotes from 3 articles Quotes from 3 articles One of the 3 may be from an article we read in class One of the 3 may be from an article we read in class ***5 sources TOTAL need to be evident in your paper and cited on your works cited page.