1. How to use, punctuate, and integrate successfully QUOTES

2. 1.To present and then disprove another author’s argument. 2.To provide statistical evidence or testimony to validate a claim 3.If another person has said something better and more clearly than you can. REASONS TO QUOTE:

3. 1.Writers should use direct quotations only when the source’s words are particularly relevant and powerful. 2.A good policy is to use short quotes (no more than 25 words) and paraphrase longer sections. a.Be sure to represent the author accurately and fairly. 3.When you paraphrase, you rephrase or summarize another person's words. In this case, you should not use quotation marks. However, indirect quotations still require proper citations, and you will be committing plagiarism if you fail to do so. WHEN TO QUOTE AND WHEN TO PARAPHRASE:

4. 4. If you must use a longer quotation (longer than four lines in MLA), format correctly: a. Place quotations in a free-standing block of text and. b. Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented one inch from the left margin. c. Omit quotation marks; maintain double-spacing. d. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. Ex: Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration: They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78) LONG QUOTES

5.  If these apply to your quotes, you will want to remove or rework them:  If a reader can remove the quotes that have been “sprinkled” through the paper and still understand the essay, then the quotes are not an integral part of the essay and do not further the argument.  Do not begin or end a paragraph with a quote. POTENTIAL PROBLEMS:

6.  For this paper I would like you to quote at least once in each body paragraph.  However, do not use too many quotes as I want to see original thought and material. A good rule of thumb is that for every quote you should have at least two sentences of your own thought. HOW OFTEN SHOULD YOU QUOTE?

7.  Sentences containing or introducing quotes should be varied. Do not repeat the same sentence structure over and over.  In the words of researcher Herbert Terrace, “...” ( page).  As Flora Davis has noted, “...” (page).  The Gardners, Washoe’s trainers, point out that “...” (page).  “...,” claims Noam Chomsky (page).  Terrance answers these objections with the following analysis: “...” (page).  Make sure your introductory words are logical and grammatically correct:  WRONG: In Smith’s essay, he says “...” In Smith’s essay, it says “... ”, or Smith’s essay states “..  CORRECT: In his essay, Smith states “... ” INTRODUCING QUOTATIONS