1. Blood Typing

2. Blood type is based on the presence or absence of 2 kinds of antigens on the surface of red blood cells. In our plasma, there can be antibodies against these antigens.

3. Type A Blood Type A Antigen Anti-B Antibodies Red CellsPlasma

4. Type B Blood Type B Antigen Anti-A Antibodies Red CellsPlasma

5. Type AB Blood Type B Antigen Neither Anti-A or Anti-B Antibodies Red CellsPlasma Type A Antigen

6. Type O Blood Anti-A and Anti- B Antibodies Red CellsPlasma Neither A nor B Antigens

7. The Rh factor is caused by a different antigen than the A and B ones. Red Cells Red Cells with Rh antigens Rh positive (+) No Rh antibodies in plasms

8. The Rh factor is caused by a different antigen than the A and B ones. Red Cells Red Cells without Rh antigens Rh negative (-) Rh antibodies in plasma

9. Blood Typing works by taking the antibodies for each blood type and mixing them with a drop of blood. Each drop of blood would be mixed with a different anti-serum (anti-A, anti-B and anti-Rh.

10. Blood Typing If we mix Anti- A serum with type A blood there will be clumping of RBC’s as the antibodies latch on the the antigens. Type A Cells Anti-A serum antibody

11. No clumping with Anti-B Antiserum Type A Red Cell Anti-B serum antibody

12. Type A blood in Anti-A antiserum. Type B blood in Anti-A antiserum Clumping The clumping can be easily seen on a slide.

13. Now watch what happens as each blood type is typed with an anti-serum.

14. Blood Typing 2. Mix a drop of blood with each. 1. Add a drop of Anti-A serum to one end and a drop of anti-B serum to the other end of a microscope slide. Anti-AAnti-B Clumping Type A Blood

15. Blood Typing Anti-AAnti-B Clumping Type B Blood

16. Blood Typing Anti-AAnti-B Clumping Type AB Blood

17. Blood Typing Anti-AAnti-B No Clumping Type O Blood

18. Blood Typing Anti-RAnti-Rh Clumping Rh negative Blood Rh positive Blood

19. Pictures of what actual slides would look like after addition of the anti- serums

20. Transfusion Reactions Donor cell agglutination [Anti-A antibodies in plasma of recipient cause agglutinatioin of donor (type A) red cells.] Hemolysis (Antigen-antibody reactions activate complement which lyses donor red cells. Clumped cells are phagocytized.) Hb released from lysed red cells precipitates in kidney tubules - causes kidney shutdown.