1. Biodiversity

2. Genetic Mutations Change in base pairs Affect sequence May affect protein production Can alter genetic makeup within species

3. Point Mutations Small-scale mutations 4 main types: –Substitution –Insertion –Deletion –Inversion

4. Large-Scale Mutation Amplified results Multiple nucleotides affected –Regions/genes affected Duplication Deletion Frame shift Translocation

7. Causes of Genetic Mutation Spontaneous –DNA replication Induced –Mutagens –Chemical –Radiation

8. Good Mutations Majority are neutral mutations Survival of the fittest Lactose intolerant Sickle-cell anemia

9. Human Genome Project Over 200 scientists –Coding and non-coding regions <2% proteins 24% introns ~75% DNA –>50% non-functional

10. Repeating Sequences Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) aka microsatellites Telomeres Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINES) Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINES) –Transposons –Pseudogene Dolphins

11. Homework Page 345 # 1, 2, 6 Page 349 # 1, 3, 5, 8