1. Mutations
Genetic Changes

2. What is a mutation?
A change in the base sequence of DNA

3. What causes mutations? Mistakes in replication (spontaneous)
Mistakes in base pairs
Environmental factors (mutagens)
High energy radiation (X rays, UV rays)
Chemicals (asbestos, cyanide, formaldehyde)
High temperature

4. A mutagen Any agent that causes a change to the DNA sequence
High energy mutagens (radiation) break the DNA strands apart causing deletions or substitutions
Highly reactive mutagens (chemical) interact with the DNA usually causing substitutions

5. Mutations in reproductive cells
Changes a sequence of nucleotides in a gene
May produce a new trait for the offspring

6. Mutations in body cells
Change in the nucleotide sequence only effects the individual and will not be passed down to the offspring
i.e. Cancer, which effects genes that control cell division in mitosis

7. Types of Mutations Point mutations Frameshift mutations
Chromosomal mutations
Deletion
Insertion
Inversion
Translocation

8. Point mutations
A simple change in a single nucleotide base or “letter” of the gene sequence

9. Point mutations Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Point Mutation: The fat hat ate the wee rat
(changing the r in cat to the h in hat).
This change alters the meaning of the instructions significantly. In DNA, switching one base in the DNA sequence to a different base can change the protein that the gene makes.

10. Frame-shift mutations
When one or more bases are added or deleted to the DNA strand.
It shifts the reading of mRNA codons by one base

11. Frame-shift mutations
Original:   The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Frame Shift: The fat caa tet hew eer at.
(the “t” from cat is removed)
This type of mutation can make the DNA code meaningless and often results in a shortened protein. 

12. Frame-shift mutations

13. Deletions Occur when a part of the chromosome is left out.
These can be small, such as the removal of just one "letter" or long enough to affect a large number of genes next to one another on the chromosome.
Deletions can also cause frame-shift mutations.

14. Deletions Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat.
                                                                                        
Original:  The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Deletion: The fat ate the wee rat.
(deletion eliminated the word “cat.”)

15. Deletions
                                                                                        

16. Insertions Result in the addition of extra DNA.
Results is duplication of genes on the same chromosome.
May also cause frame-shift mutations, and they generally result in a nonfunctional protein. 

17. Insertions Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Insertion: The fat cat xlw ate the wee rat.

18. Inversions An entire section of DNA is reversed.
These can be small inversions within genes or large inversions that involve large regions of a chromosome and contain several genes.

19. Inversions Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Inversion: The fat eew eht eta tac rat.

20. Translocations
Occur when a part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome

21. Translocations

22. Mutation Examples