1. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursions

2. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursions A Big Training Challenge Looking for a Solution

3. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursions “The key feature of this system that make it susceptible to breakdown are that it is constructed of fallible agents (people) that may occasionally make errors in performing task or processing information”. Reference: NASA Technical Memo, “Altitude Deviations: Breakdowns of an Error Tolerant System”.

4. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursions First Some Definitions Deviation: An action of or by a pilot that results in a failure to comply with an ATC clearance  2 - Types of Deviations Airspace Violations - Horizontal Altitude Violations - Vertical Incursion: Same as a deviation but occurring on the airport surface

5. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursions What is the Problem?

6. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursions Runway Incursions (2 nd Quarter 2008) 51 events - pilots entering or crossing runway and hold short lines after reading back hold short instructions 48 events - pilots entering or crossing runway and hold short lines, hold short read back not required 36 events – pilots landed or departed without clearance 29 events – pilot taxied wrong route and entered runway or crossed hold short lines

7. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursions Top Five Airports – Runway and Taxi Incursion ATL VGT DFW SFO ORD Taxi Incursions

8. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursions

10. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursion Examples  Runway Incursion  Altitude Deviation  Airspace Deviation

11. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursion What is Causing these Problem…Any Common Threads?

12. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursion Causes  GAO Report indicates that the rate of incursions are increasing and are approaching the peak levels seen in 2001. Reasons cited: Technology Challenges Lack of Pertinent Data Human Factor Issues  FAA data indicates the most common factor cited for losing track of location is that pilot is “heads down” programming FMC, conducting checklists or talking to company/FBO  ASAP root cause often related to CRM

13. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursion Causes  GAO Report indicates that the rate of incursions are increasing and are approaching the peak levels seen in 2001. Reasons cited: Technology Challenges Lack of Pertinent Data Human Factor Issues  FAA data indicates the most common factor cited for losing track of location is that pilot is “heads down” programming FMC, conducting checklists or talking to company/FBO)  ASAP root cause often related to CRM

14. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursion What is Needed to Solve the Problem  More Data  Awareness  Understanding of Human Factors Ergonomics Procedures  Checklist Design “Culture”  Training  Technology  Experience  Enforcement

15. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursion What is Needed to Solve the Problem  More Data  Awareness  Understanding of Human Factors Ergonomics Procedures  Checklist Design “Culture”  Training  Technology  Experience  Enforcement

16. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursion “Focused” Training Model Need Training Data Others Operations Safety FAA Root Cause Objectives to Address Root Cause(s) Train Knowledge Skills Performance

17. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursion What Might We Train? Knowledge  Policy: Automation “Heads-up” Sterile Cockpit  Procedures  Man Machine Theory Operating in an Error Tolerant System Skills  FMS Usage  Auto-flight  Man machine protocol Performance  Realistic Training Devices Modeled Airports Ground and Air “Chatter” Realistic Scenario Training (LOE and LOFTS)

18. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursion Questions

19. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursion Backup

20. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursions Runway Incursion: Pilot Deviations (PD): what we’re focused on here today The other two classifications of Runway Incursion include: Operational Error/Deviation (OE/D): The failure of an air traffic controller to follow procedures resulting in loss of separation or instructing an aircraft to takeoff or land on a closed runway. Vehicle/Pedestrian Deviations (PP/D): Any unauthorized entry to an airport Movement Area by a vehicle or pedestrian or failure to follow procedures and/or Air Traffic Instruction.

21. Trainings to Avoid Deviations and Incursions FY 2008 YTD (06/29/08)FY 2004-2007