1. Key Issue #4: What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic cleansing (ethnic purification) – forced removal of an ethnic group by another from a territory; the goal is not to defeat or subjugate an enemy but to get rid of them Genocide – mass destruction of an ethnic group (systematic, deliberate, planned) Genocide and ethnic cleansing are not the same – ethnic cleansing may turn into genocide WWII & Holocaust – Jews murdered during, post-WWII boundary changes led to more ethnic conflict Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia – Balkan Peninsula is ethnically diverse – Creation of Multi-Ethnic Yugoslavia North was in Austro-Hungarian Empire South was in Ottoman empire – lost territory to Austro-Hungary WWI – started when Serb nationalist assassinated Archduke Ferdinand of Austro-Hungary After WWI, Yugoslavia created to unite Slavs with similar languages

2. Key Issue #4: What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia – Ethnic Diversity in Former Yugoslavia Ruled by Communist dictator Tito 1953-1980 7 neighbors: Austria, Greece, Italy, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania (1 st 3 democratic, last 4 communist) 6 republics: Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro (each given limited autonomy) 5 nationalities: Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs, Slovenes (Bosnia – mix of Serbs, Croats, & Bosnian Muslims) 4 languages: Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, Slovene 3 religions: Catholic (Croats & Slovenes in north), Orthodox (Serbs & Macedonians in east), Islam (Bosnians & Montenegrins in south) 2 alphabets: Roman (Croatian & Slovene) and Cyrillic (Serbian & Macedonian) 1 dinar: unit of currency (common economic interests) Government was stable; young people identified as Yugoslavian

3. Key Issue #4: What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia – Destruction of Multi-ethnic Yugoslavia Rivalries resurfaced after Tito’s death in 1980s Capital & largest city: Belgrade (in Serbia) 1990s – separated into 5 republics; 2006 – Montenegro separated from Serbia – Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia Ethnically mixed – 48% Bosnian Muslim or Bosniak (in ¼ of country), 37% Serb (in ½ of country), & 14% Croat (in ¼ of country) Serbs & Croats fought to remain/reunite with Serbia or Croatia Ethnic cleansing & genocide of Muslims; Serbs separated from Serbia by Muslim territory (Muslims in an ethnic enclave) Sarajevo – capital & largest city of Bosnia UN peacekeepers (1992-1995), NATO military involvement 1995- 96 Slobodan Milosevic former (Serbian president) charged for war crimes in 1998 (died in prison without a verdict in 2006)

4. Key Issue #4: What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia – Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo Serbia is still multi-ethnic Kosovo – southern portion of Serbia; 90% Albanian (Kosovars) Serbia had historical control until 1389 (lost to Ottomans) Very limited autonomy for Kosovo under Tito Ethnic cleansing by Serbs – forced 750,000 of 2 million Albanians out (mostly to refugee camps in Albania) NATO bombing campaign & 50,000 troops; UN administration in Kosovo (1999) Declared independence in 2008 – recognized by 108 UN member states – Balkanization Balkanized – describes an area that cannot be successfully organized into 1 or more stable states due to complex ethnic mix Balkanization – the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among ethnic groups Led to WWI, more problems now after fall of communism

5. Key Issue #4: What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa – Hutus (original settlers & farmers of Rwanda & Burundi) vs. Tutsis (nomadic cattle herders from Kenya 400 years ago) – Tutsis (15% of pop.) took control of kingdom and ruled Hutus – German control 1899-WWI; Belgium from WWI – 1962 – Europeans reinforced differences (preference given to Tutsis) – 1994 – presidents of Rwanda & Burundi died in plane crash (cause unknown but Tutsis blamed by Hutus) during peace talks between Hutu gov’t & Tutsi rebels – Hutu extremists led genocide against Tutsis (approx. 500,000 killed) – many fled as refugees – Tutsi rebels joined by Ugandan Tutsis and retaliated against Hutus and seized control of Rwandan gov’t – 3 mil of the 7 mil Hutus fled Rwanda into Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Uganda, Tanzania, & Burundi – Conflict spread into neighboring countries

6. Key Issue #4: What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa – Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo or DRC) civil war – Tutsis overthrew President Mobutu Sese Seko in 1997; replaced by President Kabila (Tutsis rebelled and took control of eastern Zaire) – Mobutu had become very wealthy while country remained poor (1965-1997) – Formerly the Belgian Congo (until 1960) – source of copper, diamonds, & gold – Mobutu had tried to expel the Tutsis – Kabila assassinated in 2001; his son took over and negotiated with the rebels, but violence continues – Estimates of 1 mil – 5.4 mil have died (war, rape, famine, disease) – Joseph Kony moved his LRA forces from Uganda to DRC in 2005 Africa’s boundary problems – European colonial powers drew boundaries with little or no concern for the numerous ethnic groups (Conference of Berlin in 1884) – Independent countries mostly follow the territorial boundaries of former colonies