1. العــــوامل البيئية المؤثرة علي كفـــــاءة الاســـــتجابة المناعــــــية Environmental factor affecting immune respond in poultry By Professor Dr. Osama Zahran CAAVS 2009

2. Many factors can affect immune respond in poultry and it can be classified into various items : 1- Nutritional factor 2- Disease condition 3- environmental factor CAAVS 2009

3. The environmental factor that affect immune respond of the bird can be classified into several items : 1- Management factor 2- foiler of vaccination CAAVS 2009

4. Management factor that affect immune respond of the bird 1) a- At hatchery, over heating lead to early hatch & illclever immune system. b- At hatchery, over heating long storage of egg. c- Age of dam. d- Size of hatching egg. CAAVS 2009

5. 2) Before reaching farm : a- Late time before arriving farm. b- Low temp. & relative humidity. c- High light intensity. d- Handling of day of the chick. e- Long journey in car or in airplane. CAAVS 2009

6. 3) At farm : a- Highgenic condition ( bacterial load ) even nonpathogenic bacteria even after disinfected. b- proding space over crowding in proding space will affect : 1- Growth rate (in develop immune system) CAAVS 2009

7. c- Proding temperature and relative humidity. ( جدول) d- Incorrect healthy, low immune system. e- Air draft ( ( حكاية عم عطية f- Letter quantity: ( 3 kilogm/m 2 ) in summer ( 5 kilogm/m 2 ) in winter disinfection in letter (1liter/10m 2 ) CAAVS 2009

8. g- number of feeding & drinkers (imprinting) h- stocking density.. increase stocking density should be compatible with drinkers & feeders space. i- Air quality: number of fans / kilogram of body weight. k- Letter quality : letter around feeder & drinker will arise CAAVS 2009

9. L- * Water quantity : deprivation of water will arise low immune respond. * Water quality : 1) Bacteria count even non pasogenic bacteria. 2) Chemical of water ( ammonia, nitrate, nitrite) will lower immune respond. 3) Sulphate & phosphate & hardness affect immune respond. 4) PH of water : south vaccine ( eg gamboro ) CAAVS 2009

10. m- Method of administration of vaccine : sub- cut & intramuscular eye drop vaccsine. n- Amount of vaccine used : handling during injectable vaccine CAAVS 2009