1. 12.1 (Sec. A&B) & 12.2 Period 5 Group 1

2. Ions Url: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/@ api/deki/files/3293/=ionicCl. jpghttp://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/@ api/deki/files/3293/=ionicCl. jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/ 17/Covalent.svg/160px-Covalent.svg.png Ionic bonding Covalent bonding

3. Subtopic I Types of Chemical Bonds A bond is a force that holds groups of two or more atoms together and makes them function as a unit. Ionic Bonding The strong bonding forces present result from the attraction among the closely packed, oppositely charged ions is the ionic bonding. Covalent bonding The type of bonding in hydrogen molecules and many others where electrons are shared by nuclei is called covalent bonding. Q: What is the type of bonding that are between the extremes in intermediate cases?

4. A: Polar covalent bonding url: http://www.chemprofessor.com/imf_files/image005.jpg

5. Subtopic II Electronegativity The unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms is described by a property called electronegativity; the relative ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself. Electronegativity generally: Increases going from left to right across a period Decreases going down a group for the representative elements. Polarity The polarity of a bond depends on the difference between the electronegativity values of the atoms forming the bond. Q: How does electronegativity increase and decrease on the periodic table?

6. A: Electronegativity increases going left to right across a period and decreases going down a group. Url: http://www.grandinetti.org/Teaching/Chem121/Lectures/Electronegativity/assets/ElectronegativityTrends.gif

7. Subtopic III Stable Electron Configuration Changes Configuration Metals form ions by losing electrons to achieve the configuration of the previous noble gases. Chemical compounds are always neutral Q: What is the main difference between how metals and nonmetals form ions?

8. A: Metal ions form by losing electrons to match the configuration of previous noble gases. Nonmetals gains. url: http://www.chemistryland.com/CHM130W/03- BuildingBlocks/Chaos/Orbitals-d.jpg

9. Subtopic IV Ionic Bonding and Structures Strong bonding in these ionic compounds result from the attractions between the oppositely charged cations and anions. Structures of ionic compounds To understand the packing of ions, it helps to realize a cation is always smaller than the parent atom, and an anion is always larger than the parent atom. Q: What are the oppositely charged ions used to bond ionic compounds, and how are they different by another?

10. A: Cations and anions; cation is positively charged while anion are negatively charged. url: http://scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/fundamental/images/polarisation.jpg

11. Subtopic V Ionic Compounds containing Polyatomic Ions Polyatomic Ions – Charged species composed of several atoms Example: Ammonium Nitrate contains the NH4+ and NO3- Q: What are polyatomic ions and give an example?

12. A: Polyatomic ions are charged species composed of several atoms. Example: Ammonium Nitrate url: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_13rTsbdEqkM/RkZrzSfQ6QI/AAAAAAAAAA8/LriAgPaAZU Y/s200/220px-Nitroglycerin-2D-skeletal.png http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_13rTsbdEqkM/RkZrzSfQ6QI/AAAAAAAAAA8/L

13. Quiz Q #1: What is the difference between the atoms used in ionic and covalent bonding? Q #2: How are atoms held together by a force that makes them function as a unit? Q #3: How are polyatomic ions different from simple anions? Q #4: What does the polarity of 1 bond depend on? Q #5: Why must all compounds be electronically neutral?

14. Answers A #1: The atoms in ionic bonding are metals and nonmetals while covalent uses nonmetal and nonmetal. A #2: They are held by a bond. A #3: An anion is a negative charge formed by a nonmetal and polyatomic ions are charged species composed of atoms. A #4: It depends on the difference between electronegativity values of the atoms forming that bond A #5: Because all compounds have either a positive or negative charge that cancels out to no charge.

15. Reference Page http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/@ api/deki/files/3293/=ionicCl. Jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Covalent.svg/160px- Covalent.svg.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Covalent.svg/160px- Covalent.svg.png http://www.chemprofessor.com/imf_files/image005.jpg http://www.grandinetti.org/Teaching/Chem121/Lectures/Electronegativity/assets/ ElectronegativityTrends.gif http://www.grandinetti.org/Teaching/Chem121/Lectures/Electronegativity/assets/ ElectronegativityTrends.gif http://www.chemistryland.com/CHM130W/03-BuildingBlocks/Chaos/Orbitals- d.jpg http://www.chemistryland.com/CHM130W/03-BuildingBlocks/Chaos/Orbitals- d.jpg http://scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/fundamental/images/polarisation.jpg http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_13rTsbdEqkM/RkZrzSfQ6QI/AAAAAAAAAA8/LriAgPa AZUY/s200/220px-Nitroglycerin-2D-skeletal.png http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_13rTsbdEqkM/RkZrzSfQ6QI/AAAAAAAAAA8/L