1. Major endocrine glands:
Figure 45.4
Major endocrine glands:
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Organs containing endocrine cells:
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Parathyroid glands (behind thyroid)
Heart
Liver
Adrenal glands (atop kidneys)
Stomach
Pancreas
Kidneys
Small intestine
Figure 45.4 Major human endocrine glands.
Ovaries (female)
Testes (male)

2. Water-soluble (hydrophilic) Lipid-soluble (hydrophobic)
Figure 45.5
Water-soluble (hydrophilic)
Lipid-soluble (hydrophobic)
Polypeptides
Steroids
0.8 nm
Insulin
Cortisol
Amines
Figure 45.5 Hormones differ in structure and solubility.
Epinephrine
Thyroxine

3. Water- soluble hormone Lipid- soluble hormone
Figure
SECRETORY CELL
Water- soluble hormone
Lipid- soluble hormone
VIA BLOOD
Transport protein
Signal receptor
TARGET CELL OR
Signal receptor
Figure 45.6 Receptor location varies with hormone type.
Cytoplasmic response
Gene regulation
Cytoplasmic response
Gene regulation
NUCLEUS
(a)
(b)

4. Estradiol (estrogen) receptor
Figure
Hormone (estradiol)
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Estradiol (estrogen) receptor
Plasma membrane
Hormone-receptor complex
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
Figure 45.8 Steroid hormone receptors directly regulate gene expression.
DNA
Vitellogenin
mRNA for vitellogenin

5. S cells of duodenum secrete the hormone secretin ( ).
Figure 45.11
Pathway
Example 
Stimulus
Low pH in duodenum
S cells of duodenum secrete the hormone secretin ( ).
Endocrine cell
Hormone
Negative feedback
Figure A simple endocrine pathway.
Blood vessel
Target cells
Pancreas
Response
Bicarbonate release

6. Hypothalamus/ posterior pituitary
Figure 45.12
Pathway
Example 
Stimulus
Suckling
Sensory neuron
Hypothalamus/ posterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary secretes the neurohormone oxytocin ( ).
Neurosecretory cell
Positive feedback
Neurohormone
Blood vessel
Figure A simple neuroendocrine pathway.
Target cells
Smooth muscle in breasts
Response
Milk release

7. Body cells take up more glucose. Insulin
Figure 45.13
Body cells take up more glucose.
Insulin
Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood.
Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen.
STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises (for instance, after eating a carbohydrate-rich meal).
Blood glucose level declines.
Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (70–110 mg/m100mL)
STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls (for instance, after skipping a meal).
Figure Maintenance of glucose homeostasis by insulin and glucagon.
Blood glucose level rises.
Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the blood.
Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon into the blood.
Glucagon

8. Cerebrum Pineal gland Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebellum Pituitary gland
Figure 45.14
Cerebrum
Pineal gland
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Pituitary gland
Spinal cord
Hypothalamus
Figure Endocrine glands in the human brain. Involvement of brain = CONTROL and COORDINATION
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary

9. Mammary glands, uterine muscles
Figure 45.15
Hypothalamus
Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
Neurohormone
Axons
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
Figure Production and release of posterior pituitary hormones.
HORMONE
ADH
Oxytocin
TARGET
Kidney tubules
Mammary glands, uterine muscles

10. Liver, bones, other tissues
Figure 45.16
Tropic effects only: FSH LH TSH ACTH
Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
Nontropic effects only: Prolactin MSH
Nontropic and tropic effects: GH
Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
Portal vessels
Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Pituitary hormones
Figure Production and release of anterior pituitary hormones. TROPIC HORMONES from anterior pituitary target other endocrine organs
HORMONE
FSH and LH
TSH
ACTH
Prolactin
MSH GH
TARGET
Testes or ovaries
Thyroid
Adrenal cortex
Mammary glands
Melanocytes
Liver, bones, other tissues

11. Table 45.1
Table 45.1 Major Human Endocrine Glands and Some of Their Hormones

12. Increases Ca2 uptake in intestines Active vitamin D
Figure
Increases Ca2 uptake in intestines
Active vitamin D
Stimulates Ca2 uptake in kidneys
PTH
Parathyroid gland (behind thyroid)
Stimulates Ca2 release from bones
Figure The roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in regulating blood calcium levels in mammals.
STIMULUS: Falling blood Ca2 level
Blood Ca2 level rises.
Homeostasis: Blood Ca2 level (about 10 mg/100 mL)

13. Short-term stress response and the adrenal medulla (b)
Figure 45.21
(a)
Short-term stress response and the adrenal medulla
(b)
Long-term stress response and the adrenal cortex
Stress
Nerve signals
Hypothalamus
Spinal cord (cross section)
Releasing hormone
Nerve cell
Anterior pituitary
Blood vessel
Nerve cell
ACTH
Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Adrenal cortex secretes mineralo- corticoids and glucocorticoids.
Adrenal gland
Kidney
Figure Stress and the adrenal gland.
Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine:
Effects of mineralocorticoids:
Effects of glucocorticoids:
Glycogen broken down to glucose;
increased blood glucose
• Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys
• Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose
Increased blood pressure
Increased breathing rate
Increased metabolic rate
• Increased blood volume and blood pressure
Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activity
• Partial suppression of immune system

14. Parasympathetic division Sympathetic division
Figure 49.8
Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division
Action on target organs:
Action on target organs:
Constricts pupil of eye
Dilates pupil of eye
Inhibits salivary gland secretion
Stimulates salivary gland secretion
Sympathetic ganglia
Constricts bronchi in lungs
Relaxes bronchi in lungs
Cervical
Slows heart
Accelerates heart
Stimulates activity of stomach and intestines
Inhibits activity of stomach and intestines
Thoracic
Stimulates activity of pancreas
Inhibits activity of pancreas
Stimulates gallbladder
Stimulates glucose release from liver; inhibits gallbladder
Figure 49.8 The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Lumbar
Stimulates adrenal medulla
Promotes emptying of bladder
Inhibits emptying of bladder
Promotes erection of genitalia
Sacral
Promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions
Synapse