1. Introduction to Criminal Justice
Policing: Roles, Styles,
And Functions
Chapter Six
Bohm and Haley

2. “what is your role expectation
Question
If a role consists of the rights and responsibilities associated with a particular position in society,
Then,
“what is your role expectation
of a police officer?”

3. Role of the Police Service to the community Public safety
Decision-making and discretion
Adhere to code of ethics
Role Conflict: Stress from trying to perform two incompatible responsibilities, i.e., the expectation that police should be social agents of the community and at the same time control agents.

4. Police Functions
Patrol
Investigation
Traffic
Drug Enforcement

5. Patrol
Preventive patrol (random patrol): unsystematic patrol based on discretion of officer with the goals of preventing and ferreting out crime.*
Directed patrol: patrolling under guidance or orders that are usually based on crime analyses that identify problem areas, i.e., GIS crime mapping.
Aggressive patrol: the practice of having an entire patrol section make numerous traffic stops and field interrogations, i.e., seat- belt stops, sobriety stops, etc.
Methods of patrol: automobile, foot, bicycle, motorcycle, marine, and horse.
* Refer to the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment (1972).

6. follow-up investigation.
Criminal investigation is a lawful search for people and things to reconstruct the circumstances of an illegal act, apprehend or determine the guilty party, and aid in the state’s prosecution of the offender.
This includes the preliminary or initial investigation and the continuing or
follow-up investigation.

7. Investigations (Critical Functions)
Locate witnesses and suspects
Arrest criminals
Collect, preserve, and analyze evidence, i.e., DNA, AFIS
Interview witnesses
Interrogate suspects
Write reports
Recover stolen property
Seize contraband
Prepare cases and testify in court

8. What is your expectation of the role of the detective?
Question
What is your expectation of
the role of the detective?

9. Traffic Functions
Educate
Enforce
Recommend

10. Drug Enforcement (Critical Functions)
Street-level enforcement
Mid-level enforcement
Major investigations
Crop eradication
Smuggling interdiction
Problem oriented and community policing strategies
Drug demand reduction
Asset forfeiture

11. Community Policing A contemporary approach to policing
that actively involves the community
in a working partnership to control
and reduce crime.

12. Components of Community Policing
Community partnership
Problem solving, i.e., SARA and crime triangle analysis.
Flexible management
Implementation

13. Characteristics of Terrorism
Distinction between domestic and international terrorism, i.e., Oklahoma City – September 11, 2001.
Political in aims and motives.
Exploitation of fear (terror) through violence or the threat of violence.
Psychological effects (fear through intimidation).
Perpetrated by a subnational group or non-state entity.

14. Characteristics of Terrorism (cont’d)
Designed to create power when there is no power.
To terrorists, there are no rules of warfare or codes of conduct.
The goal is that through the publicity generated from their violence, terrorists will have the leverage to effect political change.
Perpetrated by some organizational entity with an identifiable chain of command capable of conspiratorial conduct.

15. Terrorism Typologies
Nationalist: seek to form a separate state for their own national group, i.e., freedom fighters. Examples include: IRA, Basque Fatherland and Liberty, and Kurdistan Worker’s Party.
Religious: use violence to further what they believe are divinely commanded purposes – a spiritual rather than a military objective. Examples include: Al-Qaeda, HAMAS, Hezbollah, Aum Shinrikyo.

16. Terrorism Typologies (cont’d)
State-Sponsored: Used by radical states as foreign policy – provide a cost effective way to wage war covertly through terrorists, i.e., U.S. embassy – Tehran (1979). States considered to sponsor terrorism include: Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, Syria.

17. Terrorism Typologies (cont’d)
Left-Wing, Right-Wing, and Anarchist:
Left-wing groups seek to destroy capitalism and replace it with a communist social regime.
Right-wing groups seek to create fascists states.
Anarchists are revolutionaries who seek to overthrow all forms of government. Examples include: Left-Wing (Red Brigade, Baader-Meinhof Gang, Japanese Red Army); Right-Wing (Neo-Nazis, skinheads, white supremacists); and, Anarchist (contemporary anti-globalization groups).