1. Welcome to 8th grade Social Studies
Mr. Crossman

2. The Five Social Studies

3. Def. The study of past events
History
Def The study of past events
Ex: World War II
Ex:
Ex: Democracy in Greece
Geography
Def The study of the earth
Ex: Formation of Climates (Biomes)
Ex:
Ex: Deserts

4. Def. The study of human interaction
Sociology
Def The study of human interaction
Ex: Foreign Relations
Ex:
Ex: Teacher to Student
Economics
Def Knowledge about the exchange of goods
Ex: Trading System
Ex:
Ex: Valuable goods/services

5. Def. Knowledge of how human order themselves
Political Science
Def. Knowledge of how human order themselves
Ex: Dictatorship
Ex:
Ex: Representative Government

6. Examining Sources Why is it important to examine sources?
Fact, Reasoned Judgments, Opinions

7. Examining Sources Fact – statements that can be proven (proof)
Clues - Observations, written records, fossils, etc.
Reasoned Judgment – based on fact but has not been proven
Clues - Probably, reasonably, possibly, perhaps, etc.
Opinion – statement of personal preference
Clues - Think, feel, etc.

8. Distance between years: How to calculate centuries:
Timelines
There is no year 0 ! Uniform way of measuring the past
to the right of year 1
Before Christ = B.C.
Before Common Era = B.C.E.
to the left of year 1
A.D. = Anno Domini
C.E. = Common Era
B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. C.E. C.E. C.E. C.E. C.E.
Distance between years:
Same side of year 1  Subtract the # of years
ex: 400 B.C.E. to 150 B.C.E.
400 – 150 = 250 years
Opposite side of year 1  Add the # of years
ex: 100B.C.E. to 200 C.E.
= 300 years
How to calculate centuries:
Find the number of hundred and add 1
(don’t forget your labels)
Ex:
356 C.E. = = 4th Century C.E.
1423 B.C.E. = = 15th Century B.C.E.
92 C.E. = = 1st Century C.E.

11. Chapter 2 Introduction: #1 Australopithecus afarensis Time period
Description (height, places lived, physical traits)
1 key vocab. term
2 capabilities of your hominid
#2 Homo habilis
#3 Homo erectus
#4 Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
#5 Homo sapiens sapiens

12. Chapter 2 Introduction: #1 Australopithecus afarensis
Bipedal – walked on 2 legs
#2 Homo habilis
Simple tools – Bone/Stone
#3 Homo erectus
Used Fire
#4 Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Community – cared for each other and buried the dead
#5 Homo sapiens sapiens
Artwork/Culture

13. Paleolithic Age Means: Old Stone Age Strongest tools: Stone
Pre-history – The time before writing
About 2 million B.C.E. to 8000 B.C.E.
Early Hominids and Humans

14. Neolithic Age Means: New Stone Age Strongest tools: Stone
During Pre-history
About 8000 B.C.E. to 3000 B.C.E.
Agriculture – farming and domestication of animals
People began to settle in one place

15. Stable Lifestyle Permanent Dwellings Avoid hunting dangers
Discovery and spread of seeds = growing plants
Permanent Dwellings
Stable life allowed permanent homes
Houses had rooms for specific purposes

16. Communities Grow Roles in Community Villages of up to 200 people
Population growth
Safety in numbers
Roles in Community
Job specialization – individuals work in one area
Workers are more skilled
Develops better: pottery, clothing, homes, jewelry, etc.

17. Trade Increases Civilizations Begin
Desire for a better quality of life
Humans seek resources from elsewhere
Ideas and knowledge spread
Civilizations Begin
Humans Build First Cities