1. Biological indices of toxicity in tropical legumes grown in oil-contaminated soil Dinora Vázquez-Luna Facultad de ingeniería en Sistemas de Producción Agropecuaria, Universidad Veracruzana. divazquez@uv.mx Ecological Indicators 53 (2015) 43-48

2. Context

5. Introduction The oil industry has altered the natural resources (García-Cuellar et al., 2004) Crotalaria incana and Leucaena leucocephala can grow in oil-contaminated soil (Rivera-Cruz and Trujillo-Narcia, 2004; Vázquez-Luna, 2014). Vázquez-Luna (2014)

6. Introduction In Mexico, current environmental regulations establish the maximum permissible limits of hydrocarbons in soil and specify characterization and remediation of hydrocarbon contamination (SEMARNAT-SS, 2003); however, these standards do not include criteria for: –Assessing chronic effects of contamination on soil microorganisms and plants –Human health. –The use of bioindicators in assessments.

7. Introduction The aim of this study was to generate user-friendly indicators of soil contamination to measure the toxic effects of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) on growth of the legumes C. incana L. and L. leucocephala Lam., and on the development of nitrogen-fixing soil microorganisms (rhizobial and free- living).

8. Materials and methods

9. where ot symbolizes petroleum treatment in relation to variable(y); i represents the ith variable; Xct denotes the average value of each variable for the control treatment; n = the number of variables measured in plants; N = the number of nitrogen-fixing bacterial species examined; and r represents treatment replicate number.

10. Materials and methods where oc = oil concentration (mg kg −1 ) and cc = concentration of the control treatment (mg kg −1 ); t = exposure time (days); and r represents treatment replicate number.

11. Results

14. Proposal Toxicology Approaches

15. July 22, 201215 Equitable development in the social, economic and environmental context. Deterioration of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soils Social conflicts EcologyEconomy Evidence of social inequalities Density of oil installations Medicine Statistical evidence to indicate relationship between pollution and the presence of diseases StatisticsEdaphologyBiochemistry Chronic effects on soils 1 2 3 MathematicsPhysicsChemistryBiologySociology EcologyEconomy Gender Geography Medicine Epidemiology StatisticEdaphologyBiochemistry Toxicology Anthropology Based on "Fundamentals of Transdisciplinarity" by Max-Neef 1) Scientific and conceptual basis, 2) research results and 3) the ideal.

16. July 22, 201216 Equitable development in the social, economic and environmental context Deterioration of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soils Social conflicts Frequent environmental emergencies Economic dependence on the industrial sector Evidence of social inequalities Density of oil installations Statistical evidence to indicate relationship between pollution and the presence of diseases 33% of asthma cases 66.6% of allergies 10,000 mg kg -1 de TPH affects soil fertility Altered biochemical processes in the habitat of the organisms Chronic effects on soils 1 2 3 Allergic diseases diminish the quality of life Effect on family finances Abandonment of food production Environmental degradation Economic dependence Inequities Stationary and mobile sources Synergistic effects of treatment and comorbidities High incidence of allergic diseases Environmental emergencies (100% population affected) Toxicology Social conflicts

17. Acknowledgments