1. LECTURE 1: HUMAN FACTOR& FLIGHT PHYSIOLOGY AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES & OUTCOMES By end of this session, you will be able to:  Acquire some basic understanding of Human Physiology  Able to identify the main function of body systems that have major role in human factors  Understand how the body and mind can be affected in flight as well as why they are affected in flight.  Be knowledgeable about the physiology of the body in the flight environment. AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

3. WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY?  The study of human systems' integrated functions and the processes by which they maintain the body functions.  In other words, the definition of physiology is:  The study of the functions of the body at the cellular level.  While flight physiology is how the body and mind work in the flying environment. AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

4. FLIGHT PHYSIOLOGY  Flight physiology is how the body and mind work in the flying environment.  It includes  How our organs function  What keeps them from functioning in a abnormal environment  What the pilot can do to protect these functions before and during flight.  Flight physiology, therefore, is an integral part of human factors and safe flight, and it has a direct effect on human performance. AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

5. REMEMBER ! ! ! !  Knowing flight physiology, being aware of its effects on performance, and maintaining a high index of suspicion when performance becomes poor will continue to make everyone a better and safer pilot.  Suspicion = a feeling that something is possible “Prevention is better than cure!” AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

6. Why we need to learn Physiology?  Understanding how our organs function and how they keep from functioning in unfriendly environment.  Know how the body should work under ideal and controllable situations.  Raise the level of awareness.  Take action to avoid unsafe situation or be better prepared medically. AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

7. How to overcome this? Spatial disorientation HypoxiaMotion SicknessStress Alcohol, smoking, and drugs Decompression sickness Hyperventilation Cabin Pressurization

8. Continue.... How to define Health How to Protect Health Goal: Ensure Safety Flight The Crew must be medically fit for flight!!! AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

9. Human Anatomy Human Body System Gastrointestinal (GI) system Circulatory system Respiratory System Nervous System Metabolic System Musculoskeletal System

10. The Nervous System  3 components:  Brain (Central Nervous System)  Spinal Cord  Peripheral Nervous System  Basic function of nervous system  Receive sensory input from internal and external environments  Integrate the information  Respond to stimuli or in other words reaction to the sensory input. AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

11. Central Nervous System (Brain)  Core of the nervous system  Control all body function:  Mental  Mechanical  Physiological  Example:  Phone/computer system- Transmit electrical signal through WIRE.  Body- Transmit electrical and biochemical signal through NERVES. AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

12. 1 st Part of Brain (Forebrain) (4 lobes)  Frontal lobes: thoughts, decisions, and judgments.  Parietal lobes: senses and send information for processing.  Temporal lobes: Speech center location and where the brain computes information (for written and spoken communications).  Occipital lobes: are where information from the eyes is processed. AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

13.  2 nd part of brain (Midbrain): Hypothalamus, which produces hormones that affect temperature, growth, and other physiological activities.  3 rd part of brain (hindbrain): The center of regulation of many of the body’s basic functions, including breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and many others. AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203 Continue...

14. Spinal Cord  Function:  Transmit signal between brain and peripheral system. AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

15. Peripheral Nerves System  Function: Connect and transmit signal to branch of organ from brain.  Every part of body has its own nerve. AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

16. The Respiratory System  Function:  Exchange of gases between body and its tissue and the outside ambient air.  Purpose:  Add Oxygen(O2) and remove Carbon Dioxide (CO2). AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

17. In the human body, two kinds of respiration take place. External respiration (1) External respiration. - Occurs in the lung - Air is inhaled and exhaled and gases transferred through the lungs and into bloodstream. Internal respiration (2) Internal respiration. -Transport gases to and from body cells and tissues by the blood and red blood. The Respiratory System AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

18. External Respiration  External respiration is about the mechanics of breathing, getting oxygen into the lungs and (used) air is expelled from the lungs in order to remove carbon dioxide from to body.  It is also about ensuring proper diffusion of Carbon Dioxide from the blood into the lungs

19. Blood Capillary External Respiration

20. Active Phase INHALATION Passive Phase EXHALATION Breathing in Breathing out Phases of Respiration

21. The Lung Function of Lung: To transport of oxygen to the rest of body.

22. Human inhale oxygen (O2) from the outside air into the alveoli inside the lung. The lung exchange the oxygen O2 and carbon dioxide(CO2)  Air enters through the nose, mouth, trachea to the bronchial tree.  Distribute to the ALVEOLI (air sacs), where blood brought with OXYGEN molecules.  Amount of OXYGEN from Alveoli into red blood cells depends on pressure gradient. The process:

23. Internal Respiration  The processes by which the gases in the air that has already been drawn into the lungs by external respiration are exchanged with gases in the blood/tissues so that carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is removed from the blood and replaced with oxygen (O 2 ).

24. External & Internal Respiration

25. Continue....  Diffussion:  gases moves from high pressure area to lower pressure area.  Takes place as long as there is differential in pressure.  Gases moves = process of diffusion AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

26. The Circulatory System  Function:  Carries the blood, transport the oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste product. *REMEMBER  Any change in oxygen levels to the cells immediately changes the performance of many organs, especially the brain AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

27. Vascular System (blood vessels)  The link between the heart, lungs, brain, and other parts  Function: To maintain blood supply to all tissues of the body The Circulatory System AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

28. The Heart The heart is an organ that pumps the blood through the circulatory system by contraction and dilation. AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

29. Other Body System  Musculoskeletal System  Consist of bones (skeleton), tendons, muscles.  Body framework  Function: Bones – provide support and protection Muscles – contract and makes skeleton functional  Gastrointestinal (GI) system  Function: to digest and provide nutrients and fluids for metabolism into the tissue cells.  E.g. stomach AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

30.  Metabolic System:  Function: convert resource into substance, chemicals, and energy.  E.g. kidney, liver, bladder Other Body System AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

31. Conclusion  In order to understand how the physiology of flight can affect performance, we must have a basic understanding on how the body work. AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

32. Key Points  Definition of Physiology and Flight Physiology.  Importance of Flight Physiology.  Basic Concept of The Nervous System.  Basic Concept of The Respiratory System.  Basic Concept of The Circulatory System. AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

33. End of Presentation Q/A Session AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203