1. Mendel’s Law of segregation states than when an organism produces gametes, its two alleles for a trait separate and go into different gametes (sex cells). In this way when gametes from two parents join to produce a new organism, the offspring receives one allele from each parent. A diagram called a Punnett square is useful for finding the results of a simple genetic cross.The parents alleles are written across the top and side of the square. Combining these alleles gives the possible genotypes of the offspring, as shown below.

2. R: Dominant allele produces round seeds r: Recessive allele produces wrinkled seeds Homozygous (pure) two alleles with the same genetic information RR or rr Heterozygous (hybrid) two alleles with different information Rr Two round seeded plant produced a wrinkled seeded plant because the plant received two recessive alleles for wrinkled seed.

3. Mendel’s Law of independent assortment states that when gametes are formed, the genes for different traits are inherited separately. In metaphase I, the homologous chromosomes line up along the center of the cell in a random fashion

8. DNA Animation DNA replication begins at specific point in the DNA molecule called the origin of replication site. The enzyme HELICASE unwinds, and separates a portion of the DNA molecule Single strand binding proteins react with and stabilize the separated, single stranded sections of the DNA molecule. An enzyme called primase assembles an RNA primer at the origin of Replication site. The RNA primer consists of a short sequence of nucleotides complementary to a small, initial section of DNA strand being prepared for replication. DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to the RNA primer and thus begin the process of constructing a new complementary strand of DNA. Later the RNA primer is enzymatic ally removed and replaced with an appropriate sequence of DNA nucleotides. Because the two complementary strands of the DNA molecule are oriented in opposite direction, and the DNA polymerase can accommodate replication in only one direction, two different mechanisms for copying the strands of DNA are employed.

9. One strand is replicated continuously towards the unwinding, separating portion of the original DNA molecule; while the other strand is replicated discontinuously in the opposite direction with the formation of a series of short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments. Each Okazaki fragment requires a separate RNA primer. As the Okazaki fragments are synthesized, the RNA primer is enzymatic ally removed and replaced with the appropriate sequences o DNA nucleotides. The individual Okazaki fragments are then bonded together into a continuous complementary strand by a DNA ligase, which seals the gaps between the segments. DNA replication results in two identical daughter molecules each consisting of one old (original) strand and one newly-synthesized strand. SUMMARY 1.Separation by Helicase 2.RNA primer binds to template 3.DNA polymerase brings DNA nucleotides 4.DNA ligase seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments.

11. An individual’s traits such as hair color and eye color, are determined by proteins. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids. DNA codes for 20 amino acids. How these amino acids combine determines the shape and purpose of the proteins they form. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ANIMATION 1 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ANIMATION 2 The information in an organism DNA is used to make proteins. If two of the base pairs are switched a mutation occurs and a different protein is made.

12. FeatureMeiosisMitosis DefinitionA type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half. A process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica, (the number of chromosomes stays the same) FunctionSexual reproductionCellular Reproduction & general growth and repair of the body Type of cell producedSex cell known as gametes (egg and sperm) Body cell (blood cells, epithelial, muscle, nerve cells etc) Type of ReproductionSexualAsexual Daughter cells are Genetically Different from parent cell (shows genetic diversity) Identical to parent cell (exact replica of parent cell)

13. FeatureMeiosisMitosis Crossing overYes, mixing of chromosomes can occur No, crossing over cannot occur Paring of homologous chromosomes Yes, then homologous chromosomes separate and produce 4 haploid daughter cells. No Beginning cellDiploid cell Number of cells produced 4 2 Number of chromosomesHalf the original cellSame as original cell End product4 Haploid cells (the cells show genetic diversity) 2 diploid cells (an exact replica of the parent cell) II IIII

14.  Both are forms of cell division.  Both begging with diploid cells.  Both occur within the nucleus of the cell.  Both go through the same steps known as Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase.  Both have in common cytokines is (The cytoplasm divides)

16. Mendel’s Law of segregation states than when an organism produces gametes, its two alleles for a trait separate and go into different gametes (sex cells). In this way when gametes from two parents join to produce a new organism, the offspring receives one allele from each parent. A diagram called a Punnett square is useful for finding the results of a simple genetic cross.The parents alleles are written across the top and side of the square. Combining these alleles gives the possible genotypes of the offspring, as shown below.

17. R: Dominant allele produces round seeds r: Recessive allele produces wrinkled seeds Homozygous (pure) two alleles with the same genetic information RR or rr Heterozygous (hybrid) two alleles with different information Rr Two round seeded plant produced a wrinkled seeded plant because the plant received two recessive alleles for wrinkled seed.

18. Mendel’s Law of independent assortment states that when gametes are formed, the genes for different traits are inherited separately. In metaphase I, the homologous chromosomes line up along the center of the cell in a random fashion