1. POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES
Chapter 14

2. LIVING THINGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
LESSON 1

3. ORGANISM
An organism gets food, water, shelter and other things it needs to live, grow and reproduce from its environment.
Lemurs
Are
Primates

4. PRIMATES
According to fossil evidence, the primitive ancestors of primates may have existed in the late CRETACEOUS period, around 65 million years ago.
Characteristics:
Generally Mammals
Primarily Terrestrial than arboreal.
Locomotion techniques: leaping.
Three color vision.
Opposable thumbs.
Prehensile tails.
Large Brains.

5. Primates
Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests.
Guinea Baboons

6. BABOONS Kingdom:Animalia Phylum:Chordata Class:Mammalia
Infraclass:Eutheria
Superorder:Euarchontoglires
Order:Primates

7. HABITAT
It is the environment that provides the resources a specific organism needs to live, grow and reproduce.
Prairie Dog

8. NICHE Niche is how an organism makes a living.
The ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (e.g., by growing when resources are abundant, and when predators, parasites and pathogens are scarce)

9. HABITAT

10. Interaction with the environment
An organism interacts with living ( biotic ) factors and nonliving ( abiotic ) parts of its habitat.

11. HABITAT . ABIOTIC FACTORS
1. oxygen temperature 2. carbon dioxide 3. sunlight 4. wind 5.water
6. soil

12. HABITAT. BIOTIC FACTORS
Plants
Seeds
Berries
Grass
Animals
White
Tail
Deer
Humans

13. ORGANIZATION OF AN ECOSYSTEM
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Species
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biome
Biosphere

14. ECOLOGICAL LEVELS

15. ECOLOGY
Because the populations in an ecosystem interact with one another, any change affects all the different populations that live there.
The study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment is called …
ECOLOGY.

16. ECOLOGY

17. ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS
Each of the organisms in an ecosystem fills the energy role of producer, consumer or decomposer.

18. ENERGY FLOW IN THE ECOSYSTEM
LESSON 2

19. THROPIC LEVELS Levels of feeding in a food web of organisms.
Producers Autotrophic
Primary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Tertiary Consumer Heterotrophic
Quaternary Consumer
Decomposer

20. producers Producers are the source of all the food in an ecosystem.
Producers obtain energy from sunlight and store it as food energy. These organisms use the sun’s energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into food molecules in a process called photosynthesis.
Certain bacteria produce their own food using the energy in hydrogen sulfide, a gas that is present in their environment.

21. PRODUCERS

22. CONSUMERS
An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms is a consumer.
Herbivores.- Eat plants.
Carnivores.- Eat animals.
Omnivores.- Both plants and animals.
Scavenger.- Carnivore that feeds on bodies of dead organisms.

23. THROPIC LEVELS
We can also categorize animals on the basis of the exact type of food they eat.
Detritivore.- Eats dead organic matter ( detritus)
but does not decompose it.
Insectivore.- Eats insects.
Frugivore.- Eats fruits.

24. CONSUMERS HERVIBORES

25. CONSUMERS CARNIVORES

26. CONSUMERS OMNIVORES

27. CONSUMERS SCAVENGERS

28. CONSUMERS

29. DECOMPOSERS
Decomposers break down wastes and dead organisms and return raw materials to the environment.
Carbon and Nitrogen ( raw materials )
Example:
Bacteria
Fungi
Mushrooms

30. DECOMPOSER

31. FOOD CHAIN
A food chain is a series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy.
Energy moves through an ecosystem when one organism eats another.

33. ENERGY Energy can exist in different forms: Heat Light
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Electrical Energy
Chemical Energy

34. FOOD CHAIN

35. FOOD WEB
A food web consists of many overlapping food chains in an ecosystem.
Organisms play more than one role in an ecosystem.

36. FOOD WEB

37. FOOD WEB

38. ENERGY PYRAMID
The most energy is available at the producer level of the pyramid. As energy moves up the pyramid, each level has less energy available than the level below.

39. ENERGY PYRAMID

40. CARRYING CAPACITY
Because amounts of matter and energy in an ecosystem are limited ,population growth within the ecosystem is limited too.
The largest population that an environment can support at any given time is called carrying capacity.

41. INTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS
LESSON 3

42. NATURAL SELECTION
A characteristic that makes an individual better suited to a specific environment may eventually become common in that species through a process called natural selection.
Individuals whose unique characteristics are well- suited for an environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

43. NATURAL SELECTION

44. ADAPTATION
The behaviors and physical characteristics that allow organisms to live successfully in their environment is an adaptation.

45. ADAPTATION

46. NICHE
The role of an organism in its habitat is called niche.

47. COMPETITION
The struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resources is called competition.
Alder Flycatcher
Barn Owl

48. PREDATION
An interaction in which one organism kills another for food or nutrients is called predation.
The organism that does the killing is the predator.
The organism that is killed is the prey.

49. SYMBIOSIS
Symbiosis is any relationship in which two species live closely together and at least one of the species benefits.
The three types of symbiotic relationships are:
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

50. Anemone and Black Finned Clown Fish
MUTUALISM
In some relationships, two species may depend on one another.
A relationship in which both species benefit is called mutualism.
Anemone and Black Finned Clown Fish

51. Red Billed Oxpecker and African Buffalo
MUTUALISM
Red Billed Oxpecker and African Buffalo

52. MUTUALISM
Whale shark and remora

53. MUTUALISM
Gray Whales and Barnacles. ( Transportation to nutrient- rich ocean waters )

54. COMENSALISM
Commensalism is the relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither help nor harmed.
In native commensalism is not very common because two species are usually either helped or harmed a little by an interaction.

55. COMENSALISM
Ladybugs live on plants, eating the aphids and benefiting by getting food, while the plant benefits by being rid of the aphids.

56. COMENSALISM
An example would be mosses living on the bark of a tree.

57. PARASITISM
A relationship that involves an organism living with, on, or inside another organism and harming it is called parasitism.
The organism that benefits is called parasite.
The organism it lives on or in is called a host.

58. Lemon Shark and Shark suckers
PARASITISM
Lemon Shark and Shark suckers

59. PARASITISM
TICK in Human Skin
TICK. Ixodes Ricinus

60. PARASITISM
House Dust Mite

61. BIRTH RATE
The birth rate of a population is the number of births in a specific population in a certain time period.
Example 1,750 cottontail rabbits are born per year.

62. DEATH RATE
Death rate is the number of deaths in a specific population in a certain time period.
Example:
1,200 rabbits die in a year.

63. IMMIGRATION
It means moving into a population.
Geese in New Mexico.

64. EMIGRATION
It means leaving a population.

65. POPULATION DENSITY
It is the number of individuals in an area of a specific size.
Population density = Number of Individuals
Unit of AREA

66. LIMITING FACTOR
A limiting factor is an environmental factor that causes a population to stop growing or decrease.
Some limiting factors are:
Food
Shelter
Water
Space
Disease
Parasitism
Predation
Nesting

67. CARRYING CAPACITY
The largest population that an area can support its called carrying capacity.